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Wagner Act was adopted in 1935 and was one of the most important labor acts that were passed during the 20th century. The Act was the product of the effort of Senator Robert F. Wagner, who believed that lower-income groups should be provided with economic security and safety (FDR and...
Introduction Accepting gratuities has often been termed a prominent act that creates a conducive environment that nurtures corruption in public officers. However, proponents of gratuities have cited the motivation of police officers as the main reason for offering gratuities. Handouts are believed to improve the relationship between law enforcers and...
During an investigation, law enforcement agents in investigative positions commonly encounter ethical difficulties. Investigators with a large caseload are required to prioritize which cases they would analyze above others. Officers frequently depend on the case’s solvability to focus their efforts, which implies that crimes that are significantly more complex to...
Title VII is a specific section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act that addresses inequities in relation to the workplace. “Amended by the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act,” it prohibits employees’ discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, national origin, and pregnancy, identifying this practice as illegal (Dessler,...
Business does not exist separately from the state legislation because any company that wants to succeed cannot ignore the country’s laws. Hence, lawyers and business people should collaborate to ensure a positive customer experience, the non-violation of employees’ rights, and a firm’s prosperity. This essay aims to describe and analyze...
The 9/11 attacks were the greatest terror Americans had watched and remain to be today. They were coordinated suicide attacks by Al-Qaeda, leaving nearly 3000 dead in New York City, Shanksville, Washington, and Pennsylvania. The enduring power of the attacks remains even today, with those who were alive then recalling...
Introduction I chose to write about the position of a youth case manager since my knowledge can be efficiently applied for the betterment of people’s lives through this job. A case manager must help young criminals to reintegrate into society by connecting them with necessary services, such as family counselors,...
In the US Juvenile Justice System (JJS), the issues of false confessions arise as controversial and problematic due to minors’ false confessions compared to adults’. Multiple research studies and policy-making considerations have been introduced to address the drawbacks in the contemporary JJS that commonly fails to recognize age-specific particularities of...
Introduction The case of the Blue Shield Blue Cross Association trial evolved the issue related to the violation of the antitrust laws. The central claim associated with the organizational attempts to control the competition and establish the particular settlement in varied regions of the US. The company and its units...
The Westminster Model is the term used to characterize the British constitutional system. This model makes the claim that it accurately captures the constitution and functioning of the UK government. The key feature of the model is a separation of powers which refers to the division of duties and authority...
Introduction Current regulations are out of date, have numerous levels of control, and are inconsistent, necessitating public health law reform. Significant health threats and difficulties may require new legal systems, and governments may lack the authority to perform their public health obligations successfully. Moreover, existing legislation may not adequately balance...
For several decades, the criminal justice system (CJS) has been shaped by economic bias. The crimes involving the wealthy are either treated lightly or ignored. On the other hand, the common street crimes committed by the poor result in arrest, charges, conviction, and sentencing. More often than not, African-Americans are...
Introduction Avocado production in Mexico is primarily export-oriented and produces significant profits for the region. However, due to these profits, it is an area of an industry heavily tangled with organized crime activities that promote the unequal distribution of accumulated wealth. Avocado production expansion and gang violence associated with it...
Introduction Solitary confinement is the most severe disciplinary punishment in prison. It further restricts the already very limited rights of persons deprived of their liberty. Therefore, the procedure and conditions for the application of a penalty, including the violation for which it can be imposed, must be clearly spelled out...
Introduction Within the last few decades, the punitive aspect of prison has been deemphasized in favor of its rehabilitative potential in public discourse. Consequently, the practice of solitary confinement has become a subject of controversy. Approximately five percent of incarcerated populations in the U.S. are in confinement at any given...
The 1999 Columbine school shooting Public mass shootings in the US have significantly increased in number over the last few decades as the motives of school shooters become deadlier. The 1999 Columbine school shooting is considered one of the first crimes of the category with a direct motive to cause...
Introduction Domestic violence is still a common problem in modern society. It involves abuse of children, intimate partners, older adults and affects about ten million people in the United States every year (Huecker et al., 2022). Abuse can include economic, psychological, emotional, and physical, including sexual treatment. Violence is often...
Background The United States government and the state of Texas have been grappling with the issue of school violence and school shootings for many years. The Uvalde shooting was one of the deadliest school shootings in American history and prompted a national debate on gun control and school safety. In...
Introduction Law Code of Hammurabi is a set of 282 rules proclaimed by the king of Babylon, Hammurabi. It was originally carved into a solid piece of diorite that weighed four tons. The need for establishing official rules came from the expansion of the city-state, which was Babylon. It regulated...
Summary Terry v. Ohio case represents the public order model of criminal justice. It is conditioned by the fact that the policeman took control of the situation and used his power to investigate the case. The court ruled that the police officer’s actions were reasonable for his own protection; however,...
Adolescence refers to the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. The country’s legal framework should consider the psychological and social problems of such minors when adopting legislation on crimes committed by them. This fact means that when sentencing adults in court, the state of their mental development should be...
Introduction The safety and security of the United States and its citizens were put into question after the events of 9/11. This event has caused a tremendous response from society, leading to the creation of The Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The DHS had to construct and continuously maintain a...
Paying for nursing services under the Medicare Act has gone through many changes from the 1960s to the 2020s. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 was an interesting milestone in the history of medical coverage of services provided by non-physicians. Interestingly, since 1997 nurses can independently make billing immediately after...
If a patient is hurt directly due to mistakes made during treatment, a medical practitioner may be held accountable for medical malpractice and be susceptible to legal action. Individuals who experience these injuries as a direct result of medical negligence can hold the practitioners liable for such injuries under the...
Gun control is a controversial issue that raises emotions and strong arguments between the two opposing sides. Over the last two decades, the United States government has implemented several gun control measures to reduce annual gun-related deaths. Despite the implementation of gun control measures such as access prevention for children,...
Introduction The presented case involves two companies, Cookie Heaven and Universal Studios, which faced the challenge of negotiating contract terms, leading to their misinterpretation by one of the parties. The defendant in this case, Universal Studios, stands here falsely accused of violating the agreement with Cookie Heaven, which is a...
Information Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension, and it can come from any event or thought that makes a person feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is the reaction the body makes to a challenge or demand. Work-related stress is the response individuals may have when faced...
Introduction The item that was chosen for the analysis is an article “A dark day for human rights: Roe vs Wade overturned” written by Sophie King-Hill as a guest blogger for the College of Social Sciences in Birmingham. The main argument of it is that the restriction of the right...
The police department has a set of rules that explain the responsibilities of each employee and how that duty is to be carried out. The use of excessive force, the conduct of police operations, and the wearing of police uniforms within police stations are all restricted by particular standards. When...
Introduction Police professionalization is a contentious and ongoing process, with disagreements over what police work should involve from the top down. Police officers work in a hazardous environment, making quick judgments that occasionally have life-or-death consequences. Although it is often a community that is hostile to its activities, its objective...
Problem A police officer has the right to use physical force, special means and firearms. However, the public often interprets the use of force in two ways. In this regard, this article reveals the influence of police storytelling as evidence of the use of force as a necessary defense. Despite...
Introduction It seems reasonable to claim that nowadays, individuals are interrelated to a great extent due to the solid bound that results from the essence of social relations. Humans live in societies that benefit them through various perspectives – starting from the economic and ending with the institutional one. However,...
The Issue and the position One of the main problems in paralegal research is the discrepancy between the duties of paralegals and their contribution to their assessment. There are many complex ethical issues and considerations in the work of a paralegal. Paralegals face a wide range of ethical dilemmas in...
Introduction Community-oriented policing services (COPS) using appropriate performance measurements have enhanced problem-solving strategies. Police management becomes flexible, allowing quick organization and responding appropriately to each emerging crime pattern instead of the traditional routine approach. Besides, measurement brings in a skillful perspective that makes police apply the best intervention toolkit in...
Introduction Few topics provoke as much debate as the question of drug legality. On the one hand, there is a social and scientific consensus that substance abuse is extremely harmful. It leads to the deterioration of health and proliferation of immoral and unlawful behavior. On the other hand, the way...
Abstract The research analysis focuses on reviewing the recent and credible literature on the topics of illegal prostitution, illegal drug use, and money laundering. The detailed assessment of these issues is analyzed under the framework of criminology and criminal justice with an emphasis on causes, policies, prevention, and solutions. When...
Definition of the Term Sullivan et al. (2018) note that trauma-informed care includes five aspects. Among these, the authors highlight “understanding trauma and its consequences, addressing safety issues, using a culture-informed approach, helping to highlight the nature and consequences of abuse on the daily experience of survivors, and enabling clients...
Introduction Every year the number of people who die in shootings increases: in 2019, this figure almost reached 9 thousand people (Whitehead et al., 2018). The importance of the topic is due to the fact that public safety is threatened by the absence of proper gun control: it stimulates the...
The issue of gun violence has a negative impact on people’s health, well-being, and advancement, and this trauma perpetuates underlying health and socioeconomic disparities, resulting in substantial difficulties for people and their daily life. Hence, the particular topic was selected due to its relevance and an essence that can be...
Ban the Box is the campaign by some social advocates aimed at removing the question of former convictions from employment applications. Since there is often no distinction between the different convictions, whether they were petty crimes or something as extreme as murder, and regardless of when the applicant was released....
In one respect, rehabilitation programs have to be universal to demonstrate maximal effectiveness, as their main purpose lies in assisting all types of criminals in social reintegration. Universality, in this context, means the possibility to classify a particular offender and then identify the techniques and approaches that are the most...
Introduction There are about 450,000 Aboriginal people in Australia, and they often maintain a traditional way of life as hunters and gatherers. There are huge challenges for Indigenous people – employment problems, housing issues, difficulties with alcohol, and criminal challenges, but still; the Aboriginal population is growing steadily. Thus, it...
Discretion is one of the essential notions in the criminal justice system, standing for the right of judges and other officials to act and make decisions based on one’s dictates of consciousness. It is manifested in the fact that great power, from its own perspective, can use a flexible combination...
Introduction Grievances are common in employment relationships, and understanding government regulations and dispute resolution approaches is key to achieving stability. Organizations face multiple challenges, such as labor cost that motivates unfair employee treatment. The employee and employer can address such issues to benefit both parties and ensure fairness. This case...
For this research, we will particularly look at the Robb Elementary School shootings that claimed 22 lives, including that of the gunman. Before the fatal events at the elementary school, the gunman celebrated his 18th birthday and bought at least two assault rifles as his present shortly after. Later on,...
John was a local gimp, lived there all his life, and was a prominent member of the community. John has been diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Commentary Stress Disorder. He also had hearing problems and permanent brain damage. The Gympie Regional Council received hundreds of unsubstantiated...
Introduction The social construction of serial killers involves significant psychological distortions causing antisocial behavior. The inclination to commit violent actions is most often caused by problems with brain functioning or psychiatric illnesses. Both issues are directly related to society’s order and issues such as marginalization, bullying, and victimization. Serial killers...
The state of California has distinct procedures concerning correction practices. Sentencing types employed in California include jail, prison, and several alternatives, such as drug treatment programs, probation, and home detention (Shouse, 2021). The prison system in California is managed by CDCR (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation), which concentrates on...
Re-entry programs have been developed nationwide in the form of collaborative public-private partnerships to help criminals and prisoners return to their communities as law-abiding citizens. Although such collaborations were fruitful, they were categorized as demonstrations or pilot programs, which limited their scope in terms of geographic conditions and time. The...
Summary The criminal system uses both open-system models and closed-system models. The open-system model relies on the influence of the external environment to make decisions. On the other hand, the closed-system model relies on an organization’s internal systems to account for various behaviors. For instance, if a prisoner was abused...
Fracking is a method of extracting oil and gas from deposits that are deep underground. In order to do this, a well is drilled down to the deposit, and then a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals is injected at high pressure into the rock. This fractures the rock and...
Proposed Amendment The U.S. detention system shall be completely nationalized and operated by the government, with no place for privately-owned penitentiary institutions. The administration of justice shall be performed impartially, without any room for the considerations of profitability. Introduction Private prisons’ existence represents the commodification of imprisoned individuals and punishment,...
Background Personal data can be vulnerable to publication or information leakage. Conducting research requires scientists to work directly with raw data, which is usually obtained directly from the participants. Therefore, researchers must comply with the laws and regulations governing the publication, use, and dissemination of personal data. The protection of...
Search and seizure of items during an arrest is a sensitive matter since some of the surrendered items can have extremely personal information on them. It is exceptionally true for electronic devices, especially cell phones which have become the staple of the modern world. Mobile phones are recognized by the...
As a member of STOP ERA, Carol Anderson would not support the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Anderson chose this position because, as a housewife, Carol believed that her privileges were already protected by the law. Moreover, STOP ERA was an important movement opposing the ratification of ERA. Women...
Introduction Derrick Todd Lee was a Baton Rouge, Louisiana-based serial murderer, serial rapist, abductor, and thief. His crimes were timed to correspond with those of Sean Vincent Gillis, another Baton Rouge serial murderer (Johnston, 2021). Lee was one of four children who was violently mistreated by his stepfather, which his...
I believe that the developmental and neuroscience explanations of juvenile delinquency and behavior have a strong basis. Neurobiological evidence is becoming increasingly commonplace in the courts, demonstrating the effectiveness and popularity of the approach (Aono et al., 2019). Criminal law and the courts consider not only the physical actions of...
Today, the United States faces multiple national security threats emanating from internal and external sources. These threats can be categorized into threats coming from hostile governments such as North Korea or Russia, terrorism, advanced weaponry proliferation, cybercrime, and disease and natural disasters. Of all these threats, cybercrime poses an imminent...
Definition Family violence screening may be defined as activities that involve a set of instruments to assess population groups within the scope of actions and behaviors that fall into the family violence category (Fisher et al., 2020). Article Summary Supporting individuals who are victims of domestic abuse is a critical...
The USA is one of the countries that is trying to reduce the rate of crimes, and people have different opinions regarding the most serious types. According to Worrall (2018), individuals have approximately the same rating for criminal actions, but some prefer to look deeper into the problems. For instance,...
As teenagers who break the law are redirected from juvenile courts to adults with increasing frequency, questions about the appropriateness of such a practice are raised. Initially, this measure was intended to reduce the level of juvenile delinquency due to its more frequent cases (Redding, 2003). However, as a result,...
Introduction Over the past two years, hate crimes have become more common. This is why this issue is very acute nowadays and needs to be abolished. The following essay will refer to this atrocity and what can be done to combat them. I have chosen this topic due to the...
The BBC One Panorama documentary Domestic Abuse: Caught on Camera shows footage and evidence of domestic violence that has been a persistent problem in the UK. Domestic violence has accounted for one-third of recorded assaults with injury in Wales and England, as suggested in the report (BBC, 2014). The documentary...
Roach, K. (2017). Reforming and resisting the criminal law: Criminal justice and the tragically hip. Manitoba Law Journal, 40(3), 1-51. The abstract of the article makes it clear that the author focuses on the study of Tragically Hip songs as a source of calls to reform the criminal justice system....
The current paper examines one of the most influential court cases in American history – Marbury v. Madison (1803). Marbury issued a writ of mandamus to the Supreme Court that should have forced Madison to take legal action concerning the commissions of new judges. The lawsuit focused on three questions...
Introduction In the United States, people from different spheres focus on analyzing and understanding serial killings to predict possible disasters and learn human behaviors. According to Choo and Choi (2020), murder is a combination of individual, social, health, cultural, and environmental factors, explaining the necessity to consider multiple perspectives of...
The Constitution’s Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unjustified government searches and seizures. However, the Fourth Amendment is not a protection against every unreasonable search and seizure; it only protects against those that the law deems unjustified (Harr et al., 2017). The reasonableness of a specific sort of search within the...
The legalization of drugs has long become a subject of controversy. Many debates regarding whether or not legalizing marijuana have reduced crime have been raised. The legalization of marijuana (Cannabis) in different states has shown many benefits in reducing crime over the stipulated increase of crimes. Specialists supporting the decriminalization...
Victim precipitated homicide (VPH) occurs when the sequence of events that result in murder is initiated by the person who ends up dead. The term was coined by Marvin Wolfgang in 1958 after his intense research on the nature of homicide (Siegel, 2018). Particularly, he investigated Philadelphian records on homicide...
Although crime is a challenging topic to describe, it is necessary to do so before studying it. A crime is specified as a deliberate deed or omission in contravention of the provisions of law, perpetrated by lacking justification or rationale and condoned by the nation. Other factors also play a...
Exercising Discretion As a rule, exercising discretion means weighing all the pros and cons, making logical judgments, and drawing specific conclusions. In general, this process implies a case in which an individual has the right to choose, regardless of the views of management or higher authorities (FLSA overtime security advisor,...
The job of the police, according to my opponent’s post, is inefficient. According to this theory, there should be faster reaction times and more proactive police officers than reactive ones. These solutions, it is also said, can contribute to creating a better environment for the community and the police. For...
Abstract Capital punishment for juvenile offenders is a contentious issue that requires fast action to eradicate it as a form of penalty. Juvenile delinquents are incapable of reasoning like their counterparts adults but face harsh punishments in various US states and worldwide. Individuals at this age are subject to various...
Alternatives to imprisonment are disciplinary or alternative treatments for offenders that do not include incarceration in a prison or jail, either at the time of sentence or in reaction to non-compliance by an individual currently undergoing supervised release. Alternative options to incarceration in California include split sentences, which is a...
The Mine Health and Safety Act of 1996 indicates that records cited in sections 12, 13, and 14 of the act must be retained by employers until the moment a mine is closed. Part 3 of Section 12 includes records of occupational hygiene measurements. These documents are vital for the...
Introduction The state has a number of obligations to citizens, predetermined by the need to realize human rights. However, due to the fact that the conditions can be interpreted in different ways, there is an ambiguous characterization, for example, of health care. How has health care and coverage changed over...
Introduction The Canterbury vs. Spence case law is a legal case that was decided in the United States in 1971. The case revolved around a doctor who a patient sued for negligence. The patient, Mr. Canterbury, had been injured in a car accident and had seen Dr. Spence for treatment....
If an accident occurs, employers must initiate an investigation of the case. An appropriate inquiry must be made, and the appointed inspector of the mine must prepare a written report according to the standards. The inspector may be designated for an inquiry after any accident involving severe injury. In addition,...
Introduction The issue of people’s mental health has been extensively discussed in media over the past years. Nowadays, the majority of individuals understand the considerable impact mental health has on their life and try to maintain it in a proper state. Yet, there are populations which often do not receive...
Introduction Throughout the history, state crimes have changed and increased exponentially across the world. As a result, scholars, academics, and policy-makers have developed certain resistance mechanisms to oppose and prevent the crimes of the powerful in some of the most violent areas of the world. This document aims to present...
Obtaining an advanced directive form from the internet was not very hard. Yet, it requires a certain tech- and internet-savviness, which is not always the characteristic of the elderly population. I believe this is important for adults of any age as there are cases when accidents threaten their lives and...
The lack of access to death with dignity in South Dakota led to the introduction of the Death with Dignity Act which is a Bill that allows terminally ill patients to make decisions over their deaths. However, several stakeholders are affected by this law either positively or negatively. The main...
Introduction The atrocities, oppression, and injustice associated with the colonization of terra nullius, such as Australia, Northern and Sothern Americas, and Africa, during the past five centuries are well-acknowledged in the professional and popular literature. Although nowadays, there is less evidence of direct pressure and acts of unfair treatment of...
Proactive actions reflect better on society than post-factum punishments. However, such an approach requires a specific strategy for each problem. For example, the case of underage drinkers requires deterring stores from breaking the law. Worrall (2018) states that a crackdown is a practical approach when it is necessary “to remove...
Serial murder can be considered one of the most terrifying and fascinating phenomena in modern criminology. The horror instilled in people’s minds by the brutality of such crimes results in significant public and media attention to the investigation (Hickey, 2015). Consequently, law enforcement agencies have to be prepared to withstand...
Crimes of the powerful refer to a variety of illegal or destructive behaviors committed by powerful people. They can be carried out by whole organizations, corporate elites, state entities, and representatives. Some critical criminologists include domestic violence, which may be based on patriarchal ideological beliefs, and hate crimes, which may...
Modern society consists of a wide variety of different social and economic components. But also from the sum of these components and factors, certain phenomena proceed, which are the logical outcome of the processes taking place in any society. One of the most striking in its manifestations is the phenomenon...
Plyler v. Doe refers to a legal case in which a number of children of undocumented immigrants were unable to attend school, and while many consider it to be a minor case, it actually presents substantial implications for education in the United States. While the case was ongoing, the parents...
The rule of law is a democratic type of state, such an activity of state power, in which the rule of law is ensured. All people are equal before the law, and the rule of law is one of the main features; there is a process of equality of all...
Critical justice is the criminological theory that focuses on revealing the core reasons for crimes. One of the peculiar features of this approach is that it centers on the untraditional understanding of criminal intentions. The crime-provoking psychological problems are found within the significant social aspects such as social inequality. Critical...
Introduction Sarah Palin is famous for implementing the term “death panel” in response to federal health care legislation that covers uninsured people in the U.S. Palin claimed that the government would create a death panel of bureaucrats to decide whether some people were worthy of medical services. She cited her...
Introduction Nowadays, technologies permeate all life spheres, helping users perform various tasks faster and easier. Criminology is not an exception, as investigators utilize various digital tools to identify, find, and catch perpetrators. Most of these tools operate either on a web-based platform or a mobile-based platform. The major difference between...
Case Facts There are four characters involved in the case whose specific features are to be provided. First, it is David; he is a father and married to Mary, and he is 26 years old. Second, it is Mary, she has been married to David for four years, and she...
Summary of the Case The example under consideration is Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, that had been made the decision by the Supreme Court of the United States on June twenty six, 1998. It entailed the use of Title VII of the Civil Law Act of 1964, which brings...
Abstract The US is one of the nations whose statutes do not infringe on individuals’ right to own firearms. However, compared to countries like Canada, Norway, and Australia, the US reports a significantly higher number of gun violence cases and related crimes. Unfortunately, the issue of evaluating gun laws in...
Aspects of the Case Clarence Gideon was charged with petty theft after a witness pointed out his presence near the crime scene. This case was destined to change the face of the legislative judiciary in America. Gideon was charged with insufficient real evidence but did not have sufficient tools to...
Introduction The Clarence Gideon case began in June 3, 1961, when an unknown person broke into a Panama City pool hall and committed a minor theft. On the same day, a witness told police that he saw Clarence Gideon outside the billiard room at approximately 5:30 a.m. with a bottle...
The author primarily focuses on various cultural phenomena associated with history and folklore elements in his analysis. At the same time, he highlights the aspects of mysticism that have been present in society since ancient times. In this context, Hickey (2015) looks at the concepts of various monsters, analyzing these...
Issue Description South Fulton’s prosecution system is unique as it is almost exclusively led by Black women and actively uses political engagement as the means of correction. In his article on criminal justice policy, Pratt (2018) reviews and analyzes this city’s approach to punishment allocation. The issues of correction and...
The search and detention of serial killers are fraught with various difficulties, such as their high mobility and the choice of victims. In addition, serial killers hide evidence more carefully. Often conducting an investigation requires the coordination of different groups within law enforcement agencies. At the same time, the public...
The juvenile justice system is an institution that is concentrated on working with underage people who commit delinquent acts. There are many nuances related to the rights, duties, psychological maturity, and legal status of underage people that are being accused of breaking the law. Due to this, various differences exist...
Even though equality is valued today, pay discrimination can still be found. The article “Equal Pay Claims: Mediation and Settlement Practice Tips” by Angela Reddock-Wright focuses on this legal issue and offers useful comments. In the beginning, the author covers the history of equal pay legislation and focuses on the...
Introduction Sexual violence involves dependent, immature children and adolescents in sexual activity that they are not fully aware of, to which they cannot give informed consent. The situation of sexual abuse is disturbing for others; it is perceived by them as a catastrophe, as something irreversible. Difficulties arise regarding talking...
The decisions of the US Supreme Court in Roper v. Simons (2005) and Graham v. Florida (2010) are major landmarks in how the juvenile justice system is exercised in the US under the Eighth amendment. On March 1, 2005, the Supreme Court reviewed the death penalty’s constitutionality for juvenile offenders....
Introduction Arbitration is an alternative method of dispute resolution which is usually conducted outside judiciary courts. The conflicting parties must first agree to resolve their conflicts through this method, and the arbitrator is usually neutral regarding the issue of contention. Although the arbitrator could be a member of the judiciary,...
Understanding the American Law on Privacy and Data Protection was selected to analyze the article on civil law. On June 3, a draft federal law on privacy was published (Fjeld & Larose, 2022). The American Privacy and Data Protection Act (ADPPA) is a large-scale bill that considers all aspects of...
The Anatomy of Murder A criminal case was observed and evaluated during the study. The specific type of criminal case was a felony, a murder case. The exact title of the observed criminal case is “The Anatomy of Murder.” The film deals with a criminal matter, specifically a felony, first-degree...
Case Information As a high-profile criminal case under consideration, the brutal murder committed by William Wallace against his wife, Za’Zell Preston, is analyzed. The accused dockworker is 39, and the violence used on his 26-year-old wife has caused a high-profile hearing. On Christmas Eve in 2011, the man and his...
Validity of Criminal Profiling Criminal profiling is an approach law enforcer use to identify violent crime perpetrators by categorizing their behavioral features based on the examined crime committed. However, despite the application of this technique in identifying perpetrators of violent crimes, the profiler cannot show whether a specific offender was...
Case Name, Citation and Year Decided Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949) Parties In Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949) case, the appellant was Father Arthur Terminiello. The Supreme Court refused the state court’s decision, as well as Justice Douglas; he drew particular attention to the legality of...
In criminal law, plea bargaining may be defined as the practice of making a particular legal agreement between the defense and the prosecution. According to it, the defendant may plead guilty to all or some charges in exchange for the prosecutor’s concessions (Pollock, 2018). The majority of experts agree that...
Introduction Background of the Study The state voter suppression law is one of the nominal U.S. historical frameworks enhancing discrimination across dynamic races. Since the end of the Reconstruction period (1865-1877), researchers have noted a significant increase in voter suppression influence (Barreto et al., 2019). During the Reconstruction period, African...
The situation with the sale of sunglasses that do not protect against UV rays should be interpreted as a violation of consumer rights, requiring regulation in accordance with the law. This product does not meet basic buyer and user information standards. Wizard does not warn of the additional danger of...
During the 20th century, the American educational system was confronted with segregation issues which saw many children being denied the opportunity to attend their preferred schools based on their race. In this period, the education system adopted a racially oriented and not student-centered structure. However, with time, the American education...
According to the lecture, crime rates in the United States have been steadily decreasing since the 1990s. After being temporarily elevated during the 1970s and 1980s, crime rates fell approximately 45% between 1990 and 2012 (Brown, 2018). There are three potential explanations for this downward trend. Firstly, although it may...
In the novel “In Cold Blood,” a family of four is killed terribly in a tiny town named Holcomb, Kansas, which had the whole town in shock and scared. Truman Capote wrote this to address the sensitive matter of what crime can affect a community (Baila-Bigné, 2020). Capote, throughout the...
Prosecutorial discretion is a factor that can impact decisions in criminal cases and is critical to understand. The extent of discretionary decision-making in criminal law is an issue subjected to numerous discussions as it creates an opportunity for biased ruling and is often criticized for being one of the causes...
Introduction Report writing is one of the most important elements in the court because it helps the advocate brief the judge on a case. Reports are used for specific cases, such as a criminal case against a minor or adoption (United States Courts, 2020). When the reports are presented consistently...
Abstract This paper discusses the ways of illegal distribution of music, as well as the measures that the state is taking to stop this. Copying music is a feature of the internet age where new digital ways of distributing information are being built. The state is able to restrict access...
Summary of the Case Charles Manson was an ex-con and aspiring musician who moved to California. Manson was charismatic and expert manipulator, but they also adopted strange practices such as polygamy. He quickly formed a social circle around himself that consisted mostly of women. The group began to form a...
Prison sentences for minors are the subject of a wide discourse, especially regarding life sentences in custody. After watching various videos and reading several scientific papers, the opinion develops that the revision of criminal cases against children and adolescents has many positive sides. It is difficult to disagree with this...
Criminal justice is characterized by several essential features, the most important of which are integrity, authority, and discretionary powers. To understand each of the signs as accurately as possible, it is crucial to know their definitions. Integrity is the inviolability of certain moral qualities, their true state, which is not...
Introduction In 1982 George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson introduced their famous broken windows theory, explaining the emergence of serious crimes through disorder in the community. According to it, local disorders such as profanity, public intoxication, litter, graffiti and resident’s apathy creates ideal circumstances for an increase in serious...
Introduction Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) became a part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) relatively not long time ago, in 2003. However, the agency’s poorly curated responses to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and other subsequent disasters are believed to be connected with the agency’s affiliation with the Department...
Problem Statement Crimes in schools and colleges are becoming a pressing issue for policy-makers. Crime surveys published over the past few years indicate that a high number of crimes are occurring, leaving behind a growing number of victims. According to Bouchrika (2020), schools and colleges are often presumed to be...
One of the major issues surrounding eviction trends is that women are more likely to be evicted from inner-city neighborhoods than their male counterparts. However, the rate of female eviction is higher in black and Hispanic neighborhoods compared to white ones. The eviction rate of female renters is 1.87 times...
The term psychopath describes an individual who lacks empathy and morality. Clinical and legal settings frequently use the phrase despite not being officially recognized as a mental health diagnosis. Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a more extensive mental health disease used to characterize people who consistently act out and breach...
Even though the ruling is unfavorable to me, fleeing from my country will not be considered morally justifiable. As much as it would tie me down to imprisonment, staying back in would exempt me from the punishment of extradition. Every citizen must abide by the laws of their very countries...
Labor in the time of the industrial revolution differed greatly from the modern times. From many points of discussion, the conditions under which people were expected to work were inadequate. The wage-earners were malnourished, poorly dressed, and housed in miserable shacks. Such conditions logically led to discussions about legislation that...
Although teenage crime rates have decreased since the mid-1990s, public dread and political discourse surrounding the subject have grown. Over the last three decades, female involvement in the juvenile justice system has gradually increased in the United States. Even being mostly involved in minor criminal offenses, girls are more likely...
Introduction Healthcare is a massive industry regulated with specific laws for each aspect of the profession in today’s society. However, Moore and Sarah note that there were no federal laws concerning patient privacy in the healthcare setting before 1966 in the United States. As a result, Congress enacted the Health...
Intellectual property pertains to the ideas and theories that are distinctive and particularly valuable, including an innovation or creative work and the identification of who owns particular ideas or conceptions. You possess the right to create or license a new invention only if you hold the required intellectual property. Furthermore,...
Introduction The opioid epidemic is a severe problem affecting individuals of diverse populations nationwide; thus, state boards created voluntary guidelines to regulate treating acute and chronic non-cancer pain. In Texas, the Administrative Code contains chapters for medical workers to use in their decision-making (Texas Office of The Secretary of State,...
Introduction Retribution is a justifiable punishment for a wrong committed against others. One of its core principles is that it is suitable for the legal authorities to provide appropriate suffering for the people who commit crimes. In addition, the other stance is that it is intrinsically morally well for a...
The idea of a trial by jury is often criticized due to the lack of accuracy that is often attributed to it. Specifically, multiple sources claim that jurors may be open to biases, yet they disregard the fact that so can be judges. Thus, with only one person making a...
Property can legally be defined into two terms: real property and personal property. Real property is immovable property (Burchell, 2021). An example of real property is land and buildings. Real property also includes improvements on the land or what lies on the surface or below the land surface (Burchell, 2021)....
Summary One of the controversial concepts concerning juveniles enshrines the determination of the justice system among the counterparts. Different institutions play dynamic roles towards promoting distributive social justice system. The vital factor of consideration in restoring order is the distinctive approach to render the desired disciplining among the youths in...
Summary This study aims to analyze the concept of cryptocurrency and gaining a legal understanding in different jurisdictions especially in the US. The study will also seek to establish whether cryptocurrencies can be used to facilitate money laundering, and if they facilitate money laundering; finally, the study will seek to...
Torts are detrimental to society because they not only harm consumers but they raise the overall cost of products when the company inevitably passes on the costs of the lawsuit to these consumers. In the end, it should be admitted that the latter ones pay for corporate malfeasance. Unlike many...
Introduction Racial and ethnic disparities remain a serious problem for the US population. Such differences provoke unfair minority pressure and affect interpersonal relationships and social order. When racism touches upon law enforcement and other criminal justice system elements, the number of concerns grows. Individuals expect the police and courts to...
Introduction A contract, in its simplest, is a promise or written instructions enforceable by law that guide an agreement between two parties. Usually, the underlying instructions under the contracts allow the parties involved to do what is expected to keep the contract alive. Just from the start, making a contract...
The common law evolved in a different direction to improve the distribution of power. Within the frame of common law, the landlord represented the ultimate authority, and the duty to repair the residence shifted to the tenant automatically, implying the lack of statutory protections for tenants (Miller, 2018). The law’s...
Introduction Sexual violence is a common human rights violation around the world. It concerns the safety and freedom of the individual subjected to this kind of torture. Sexual abuse refers to conduct or action done with the intent or perceived to be done with the intent to cause physical harm...
Introduction It is important to note that any form of national security measure comes at a cost or risk of the impending danger of violating and restricting the civil liberties of the people being protected. The case is also true when it comes to law enforcement intelligence, which is critical...
Introduction I studied and systematized the theoretical foundations of the concept of the rule of law, and traced the phenomenon of the formation of the rule of law. Moreover, the main problems on the way to the formation of the rule of law and its relationship with justice in modern...
Rights and Responsibilities of the Parent and State Children are observed as the greatest resources that will be utilized in the future; hence, it is the responsibility of every parent to take good care of their children. Proper parenting leads to the growth and development of children who are productive...
Introduction Advocates’ immunity safeguards lawyers against litigations by their clients on claims of negligence. The immunity prevents clients from filing lawsuits against their barristers or solicitors for neglectful advice or conduct who may have adversely affected the outcomes of their cases. Recently, the doctrine of advocates’ immunity has been abolished...
Introduction Despite being an advanced developed democracy, the United States has become the most politically divided and dysfunctional country. The divisions are evident and touch upon a range of social, economic, cultural, religious, and historical aspects. Upon examination of the phenomenon, it comes to a status quo that has been...
Introduction The custody institution in the United States of America provides for a legal relationship. The custodian is responsible for the welfare of a minor or an adult with a mental or physical disability. In most cases, custody is obtained when the child’s parents die or are deprived of their...
The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was ratified in 1935 to guarantee the employees’ rights and protect them against employers who imposition unfair labor. Immigrant employees have the same rights under NLRA as citizens of the US and are supposed to be protected from wage violations, namely wage thefts, and...
In criminal justice, recidivism is one of the most basic ideas. It refers to an individual’s relapse into criminal activity following the imposition of sanctions or completing an intervention program for a previous offence. It is also described as any illegal conduct that results in a someone being detained, convicted...
The InnerChange Freedom Initiative (IFI) program or later called the Prison Fellowship Academy is a faith-based reintegration program with locations in six states. The program begins 18 to 24 months before a person is released from jail and continues for another 12 months after they are freed. According to an...
Introduction This paper presents an essay-based discussion on different proponents under the public policy niche. The paper highlights two major theories of change related to the application of public policies in different organizational and governmental settings namely the path dependence and the advocacy coalition rubrics. Similarly, a re-review of the...
Miranda rights, or Miranda warnings, are specific rights read by police officers to the people held in custody. It is important to mention that Miranda rights have to be read only by state actors and only to the person that is arrested. In addition, police officers must read Miranda rights...
Priority in US administrative law is given to issues of administrative and legal regulation of the status of institutions and their officials in the exercise of their managerial functions and tasks. Administrative law includes several key concepts, but it is necessary to highlight the three most important of them. First...
Introduction Aaron Hernandez v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, decided in 2013, is one of the cases that entailed the prosecution’s capacity to show enough evidence in a court trial adequately. A case must have ultimately persuaded the judges that the accused is responsible for the crime committed without any doubt. When...
Introduction Cyberbullying is an acute and urgent problem, the spread of which is increasing every year. This topic was chosen because cyberbullying is a relevant problem becoming more and more dangerous every year. As statistics show, from 2007 to 2019, the frequency of this phenomenon has almost doubled (Patchin, 2019)....
Many legal issues affecting commercial industries apply to non-profit organizations regarding the law. While these institutions are founded on good intentions, a lapse in the protocol is non-justified, and board members have every right to consider meticulous care to research the regulations that might impact their operations. Any breach of...
There are many advantages compared to a few disadvantages of mediating a dispute. Due to the numerous benefits, a mediation process is most likely to be successful because it allows all the parties involved to be in control of the conflict (Riskin, 1982). Undoubtedly, this is a better mechanism of...
Introduction It is foolish to deny that the American prison is one of the most dangerous, inefficient, and worst places on the Northwest continent from both a physical and institutional perspective. Inmates of all genders face equally huge and numerous interactional barriers and obstacles at all levels in these places,...
Summary Marijuana refers to dried seeds, stems, and flowers of the Cannabis indica or Cannabis sativa plant. Marijuana is considered the third most widely used drug globally after tobacco and alcohol. Although the drug is common among young adults, it is popular with people from different age groups. In the...
Introduction It is important to note that juvenile delinquency is a major part of criminology, where the law is violated by underage individuals. Since the agents are not considered adults, the issue becomes a complex and intricate one, where the standard justice systems might not apply or apply in a...
Introduction The juvenile justice system in the United States (US) originates from the late 1800s. As a result, in 1899 the country developed its first juvenile justice court. All throughout its existence, the juvenile corrections have primarily oscillated between rehabilitation to the use of punitive forms of punishment. At the...
Administrative law is the body of law regulating the work of governmental agencies, their operation, and procedures. Its primary function is to carry out the laws accepted by Congress or a state. In such a way, it becomes an essential element of the country’s legal field and its legislative system....
Introduction Complete, accurate, and well-written notes are the primary means of memorization and guidance during investigations and interrogations of witnesses, victims, and suspects. Responsible record keeping is an integral part of a police officer’s duties and an ethical and legal obligation. A proper record of an investigation makes it easier...
Introduction The popularity of online social movements such as #MeToo has demonstrated both the pervasiveness of sexual assault and decreased public willingness to tolerate it. One of the most effective ways to prevent sexual assault is to acknowledge its existence, increase positive police responses, and support victims. The application of...
Introduction The legalization of marijuana is considered to be one of the most controversial but, at the same time, essential discussion topics nowadays. In the USA, it is considered less harmful compared to other types of relaxation. Thus, the popularity of this recreational drug increased and California became the first...
Nowadays, White Collar Crimes are becoming more threatening, as their scale and negative consequences are getting more substantial. Malfeasance is an illegal activity for the purpose of enrichment, committed with the help of opportunities depending on the person’s or group of individuals’ positions. Such crimes are distinguished by the fact...
Introduction Leslie Paik of City College of New York, United States, wrote the article “Good parents, bad parents: Rethinking family involvement in juvenile justice.” The paper presents a new theoretical framework for exploring how families may be involved in various cases of youth delinquency in juvenile court. Overall, the author...
Child labor remains a significant problem in today’s world: it this applies to developing countries and is present in industrialized countries as well. According to the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 140 million working children in the world are hired in work that inhibits their development and education...
Introduction Modern criminal justice in the world is based on constitutional guarantees of individual rights. In all countries, the supremacy of constitutional provisions is proclaimed in cases of discrepancy between criminal procedure norms or other related legislation regulating the restriction of an individual’s rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests during the...
Summary Juvenile crimes have been a challenge in the United States, with young person’s engaging in different crimes. In Washington, there have been reports of truancy from schools, drug and substance abuse, bullying in schools, robbery, and theft, among other crimes (Wang et al., 2020). The crimes are attributed to...
Introduction In the justice system, there have been a lot of disparities in how justice is served to men and women offenders. Although justice is supposed to be served equally, women tend to receive less conviction than men. This also explains why there are numbers in prisons in some countries...
The criminal justice system does have a responsibility to help formerly incarcerated people. I believe that the answer to that question is based on one’s opinion regarding the function of that system. Some may believe that it serves to punish criminals for their actions, yet this is far from my...
The national employment association law of 1935 openly stated that the main objective of the United States of America is to foster joint negotiations by safeguarding employees’ complete liberty of organization. As indicated in the National Labor Relations Law, personnel in private entities had the inherent opportunity to demand proper...
“At-will” employment means that an employer can fire an employee at any moment, and an employee can leave a position for any reason with no legal ramifications. This arrangement can give both employer and employee flexibility but result in job or staffing shortages. After examining the advantages and downsides of...
The concept of a psychopath is one of the most distorted in the public mind. The situation is also complicated because, in the early version, psychopaths were considered people with abnormal psychology, which includes a considerable number of different diseases. However, there is a series of well-articulated characteristics of psychopathy...
The Orlando shooting of 2016, commonly known as the Pulse nightclub shooting, was a mass shooting that occurred in the early morning hours of June 12, 2016, at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, leaving 49 people dead and more than 50 injured. It was, at the time, the bloodiest...
Law and order are among the most significant factors that help ensure a nation’s stability since it provides an environment for better well-being. The United States of America government has invested financial resources towards ensuring effectiveness in the delivery of justice within the nation. Justice is achieved only if the...
Introduction Randall is a 32-year-old African American man born and raised in Detroit. His life is overwhelmed with the experience of family neglect, sexual abuse, substance dependence, and repetitive criminal activity. Randall has nine felony convictions, including four probations, three jail times, and two imprisonments. Randall is now married, yet...
Introduction The criminal justice system often has complex relationships with different cultural communities. In order to address such an issue, it is essential to conduct an analysis of the factors affecting communities’ problematic views on the criminal justice. Hispanic communities, refugees, and people of color constitute groups of individuals who...
Introduction Over the past years, the issue of prison overcrowding has been a significant factor affecting the criminal justice system. The rate of congestion in the correctional facilities is fluctuating following the increase in the number of inmates serving their sentences. The overpopulation is causing severe impacts on the lives...
Introduction For more than three decades, the privatization of prisons and detention centers has been a contentious issue in U.S. politics. At the end of President Obama’s second term, the administration under Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates highlighted a plan to phase out the private prisons (Craig & Pond Cummings,...
Introduction According to some critics, mental and cognitive isolation and discrimination are commonplace in juvenile justice systems. No one cares about how young people with disabilities are treated differently in prison. The Competitive Juvenile Penalization Program, a critical cross-jurisdictional study of the juvenile justice system and penality in the United...
Introduction While the course of studying the educational materials, we touched on the big topic of the close connection between culture, psychology, and the overall legal system (Costanzo & Krauss, 2012). The modern arrangement of laws is developed according to determined schemes and algorithms, while the world is shifting very...
Introduction Eyewitnesses are untrustworthy due to amnesia and age variables; additionally, elderly witnesses seem to be more unreliable than younger generations. As they provide incorrect responses and are more convincing, these seniors are typically insistent and confident. Poor vision might sometimes render eyewitness reports untrustworthy. In court hearings, adequate visual...
An adversarial judicial system aims to present conflicting views to an impartial arbitrator who decides which side is right. The adversarial judicial system protects the rights of citizens: personal autonomy, the assistance of a lawyer, equal protection from the law, and the right to prove guilt (Guarnieri & Pederzoli, 2020)....
Introduction The articles under consideration speak about the modifications of the work of federal and state courts. The publication of Marc Galanter claims the decline in trials, the shift in their makeup, and the increasing complexity of procedures. In turn, the piece of Mae C. Quinn is devoted to the...
Background It is important to note that the specific topic to be analyzed is Alton Logan’s wrongful conviction case. The relevant historical information about the separate issue is that Alton Logan was unjustly convicted of a homicide he did not execute and spent 26 years in prison. The actual killer...
Introduction Incarcerated individuals or persons with pending criminal charges have unique needs. Nelson Mandela is credited with stating that the manner in which society treats its prisoners is a sharp reflection of its character (Penal Reform International, 2019). Incarcerated individuals require health services, behavior change interventions, education, and vocational training....
Marty Meth and Todd Tweaker decide to rob Mel’s liquor store. Marty gets a billy club and Todd gets a 12-gauge shotgun with a 12-inch barrel. They arrive at Mel’s liquor store and see the owner, Mel, by himself in the store behind the counter. They did not know that...
Introduction Many people require supervision in the United States, which makes it essential to understand the contributing factors to their success. The number of people under probation and parole is higher than that of people incarcerated in federal, state, or local institutions. Both probation and parole are considered community correction...
Introduction Constitutional carry law refers to state laws that advocate for the freedom to carry a firearm either openly or concealed. The law does not prohibit citizens from openly carrying a firearm in public spaces as no state permit is required. Under constitutional carry law, there are no background checks,...
The U.S. Supreme Court has made many landmark decisions in its history which ensured civil liberties for the citizens of the country. The first amendment of the Bill of Rights is an essential part of the United States democracy, and it has been protected by the Supreme Court on numerous...
The article about liberty and security provides information about personal security and freedom of speech. The main topic discussed in the paper presented by Haynes (2015) is phone recording. The USA Freedom Act sets an unpredicted future that might change quickly and sometimes carry negative consequences. The bill has split...
Human resources management is an integral part of the development and existence of the business and the company’s economy. It includes strategies and solutions to improve workforce management in any working structure. Legislation is often supplemented by regulations that improve certain mechanisms in this area. The purpose of the work...
Currently, many factors are limiting the freedoms of representatives of the LGBTQ community. However, the scale of these difficulties is incomparable to the situation more than 40 years ago, when the manifestation of homosexuality led to a 20-year sentence in all US states. The prerequisites for significant changes in the...
The Constitution of the United States represents the fundamental law of the country’s federal system of government and remains the Western world’s landmark. From the text of the document itself, it becomes apparent that there is a need to determine the Constitution’s meaning through the use of various methods of...
The case was between Oliver Brown, Mrs. Sadie Emanuel, and Mrs. Richard Lawton. They were appellants against the board of education of Topeka, Shawnee County in Kansas, the appellee. The case’s location was Monroe School, where it was argued on 6th December 1952, reargued on 7th December 1953, and decided...
The First Amendment is all about promoting the freedom of words and having no limits to different opinions. The initial cause for its creation was to establish a dialogue between the government and the population. Although people are supposed to speak their minds freely, some kinds of speech get less...
Introduction: Americans’ Fear of Crime Despite the gradual decrease in crime rates in America since the early 1990s, Americans remain highly insecure (Koerth and Thomson-DeVeaux). Their fear of crime is driven by an array of issues, including their overestimation of the likelihood of a crime occurring. For instance, while carjacking...
Zalnieriute, M., Moses, L. B., & Williams, G. (2019). The rule of law and automation of government decision‐making. The Modern Law Review, 82(3), 425-455. The article reveals the concept of the rule of law throughout the country. The requirements of the law apply to all subjects of legal relations equally....
In the modern world, large companies develop rapidly, which opens up opportunities for them to grow even more. However, sometimes corporations use their power and authority to become stronger and earn money by illegal means. Such actions can be considered White Collar Crime, moreover, it can harm many persons. The...
Justice Is the Rule of Law The rule of law itself is an integral part of any democratic society. The concept of the rule of law requires that all officials treat every person with dignity, equality, rationality, and law. Moreover, it maintains that everyone should have the opportunity to appeal...
Abstract This study investigates the use of forensic linguistics tools in police interrogation texts. It identifies the problem of the lack of approaches informed by forensic linguistics used in the process of police interrogation. Two research questions are posed regarding the relative effectiveness of FL-informed approaches compared to usual approaches...
Introduction White-collar crime is an essential modern issue that may lead to irreparable consequences. It includes illegal enrichment or the pursuit of other personal goals by a person using one’s power, authority, or fame. Thus, the individual puts pressure on others or uses financial opportunities to achieve one’s own aims....
Summary Morale is a term used to describe the psychological state of a person or group with regard to their productivity and motivation. Morale can be defined as the emotional climate within a team or organization. Some experts argue that there is a correlation between high crime levels and low...
Introduction Kendra Espinoza and a group of other low-income mothers brought the lawsuit on behalf of their children who attended Stillwater Christian School in Kalispell. The case Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue went to trial on January 22, 2020. Scholars argued that individuals and firms who donate to scholarship...
Introduction In order to protect society from crimes and the negative impact of individuals, the state elects and adopts appropriate laws. However, this area is not completely universal, since in some cases it is difficult to bring to justice. According to the norms, parents should be held responsible for the...
Case: Fernandez v. California, (2014). Facts: The parties to the lawsuit are the petitioner Walter Fernandez and the respondent the State of California. The dispute revolved around the Walter Fernandez’s petition to review the decision of the Trial Court that found him guilty. Fernandez was arrested in the first place because...
Introduction The Headingley Correctional Centre experienced one of the worst inmate unrest in history. On April 25, 1996, a riot occurred after a scuffle between the correctional officers (COs) and some prisoners in the facility’s basement (Williamson, 2017). Despite law enforcement’s efforts to contain the unrest, it lasted for nearly...
A criminal justice plan is an approach to law implementation that involves arresting, arraigning, defending, and sentencing the lawbreakers. Japan has five distinctive courts, summary, district, family, high court, and supreme tribunals. The legal system formulation embarks on law enforcement, promoting integrity to the complainants and guaranteeing public safety. A...
Introduction The topic of gun control has been ingrained in American society and its political debates. In the recent years following the new administration of President Joe Biden, the arguments over gun control have waxed and waned. In the United States of America, gun ownership is controlled by a number...
Abstract Drug trafficking is the global illegal or illicit trade in which individuals cultivate, manufacture, transport, distribute and sell non-medicinal substances subjected to drug prohibited laws. On the other hand, money laundering is the illicit process of converting huge amounts of money earned from illegal or criminal activities such as...
Crimes are unlawful actions that affect everyone in society. These activities are conducted at different levels, and while they are disadvantageous and harmful to individuals and businesses, some people end up benefiting from this practice. Part of the crime beneficiaries are the crime control industry stakeholders. These individuals or business...
Prison as a social institution is an ambiguous phenomenon for society. On the one hand, this is a place for punishment of criminals, which is associated with danger and negativity. On the other hand, it is an element of influencing society in such a way that the guilty citizens get...
History knows so many examples of crimes about humanity and humanity. Every war can already be regarded as an act of anti-humanism, because people, many people, have died in every one of them. However, to understand the reason for such a radical approach toward other nations and countries it is...
Introduction It has long been debated in criminological circles whether or not the law as presently constituted is the result of a society-wide agreement concerning wrongful behavior. Canadian criminology underwent a revolution as foreign influences with regard to the nature and origin of crime permeated academic criminology (Menzies & Chunn,...
Serial killing or serial murder is a term used to refer to the brutal murder of at least two individuals by the same person in separate incidents. However, serial killing is not an ordinary event because it does not resonate with the nature of individuals. Several psychologists and researchers venture...
The advancement of DNA technology has proved significant in solving challenging cases at any given time. News released by The Mount Airy News on April 7, 2022, affirms the power and potency of the new DNA technology. After 30 years, police achieved their first arrest for the murder of Nona...
Introduction Crime has become one of the greatest problems facing humanity in the contemporary generation. Although criminology is historical, its higher rates are observed in modern society compared to the early centuries. Many people associate the increasing crime rates with technological advancements and other forms of progression in modern society....
Incentive institutions are an important type of legal incentive in penitentiary law. Among all types of release from punishment, the most widely used was conditional early release. Clear et al. (2017) note that currently about 77% of convicts are released on parole and remain under correctional supervision. Parole is aimed...
Eyewitness identification is a significant step in prosecuting a criminal. The justice system has relied on eyewitness accounts and descriptions of suspects to convict numerous criminals and keep society safe. However, there is a growing concern about the accuracy of eyewitness identification, as some identification cases result in wrongful prosecution....
Introduction Probation is a treatment that enables criminals to avoid being incarcerated, while parole enables them to get released from prison after serving a given portion of their sentence. The goal of parole and probation is to allow the criminal offenders to rehabilitate as they get back to society hence...
Introduction In a business partnership, two or more people combine their resources to create a business and accept to share profits, losses, and risks. In such a business, parties enter into a contract that with legally binding terms protects their agreement. The legal provisions or clauses accepted by all partners...
The first activity would be to engage in problem recognition in order to ensure that the correct need is addressed. In the case of administering contracts for 12-cell computer batteries, the responsible agent would have to specify if the trigger is an internal or an external need (Adams & Kramer,...
Background Information and Opinions As of Thursday, Johnson & Johnson had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy defense via a company it had fashioned to handle indictments that its talc-based goods were cancerous. In a way that is fair to all stakeholders, the firm stated after filing its Chapter 11 petition...
Introduction The complexity of the business world today means that actors might face numerous issues or challenges during their cooperation. For this reason, business relations are regulated by the fundamental laws that create the framework for successful collaboration and help to resolve all problems that might emerge. These are the...
Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) is a US federal law administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission and adopted to protect investors from fraud. Its primary purpose is to improve the reliability of financial reporting and audit quality. SOX requirements relate to internal customer controls for the preparation and review...
Starting Your Business The first step is to form a company name that should not include words that are prohibited by law and should not be borrowed from other titles. Once the name Sky Blue Bed & Breakfast passes all the criteria, it is necessary to appoint a director of...
Introduction Racial and ethnic minorities are often victimized by the groups in power. Social inequality is reflected in all spheres of daily life and is often institutionalized, with prominent social institutions legitimizing and perpetuating unequal treatment of different groups. This tendency is particularly evident in law enforcement, with racial profiling...
With the rising concern for environmental issues and climate change, global consumers are more worried about the packaging industry. In response, new regulations regarding packaging sustainability, encouraging the redundancy of packaging waste, have emerged on a worldwide basis. However, these regulations vary considerably by region, rendering the packaging policies inequitable...
Introduction Gangs have become the way of life in Chicago, causing fear in the city. Chicago has been recognized as one of the most segregated cities in the United States. Due to solid gang culture, murder rates and street violence continue to increase every day in Chicago. Gangs even recruit...
Introduction A significant part of the work of an employee of the authorities is documentation. Thus, it is very important for them to have the necessary writing skills to be able to provide multiple but informative reports on any events. The information should contain the main provisions of the incident...
Introduction The history of the United States describes how its people continue to enjoy the provisions of the Second Amendment to the Constitution. Americans are allowed to purchase and own guns for security and self-defense purposes. The Founding Fathers of the country foresaw a scenario whereby more people would be...
Introduction It is important to note that firearm possession and Georgia’s “campus carry” law are elements of a critical right of every American citizen to bear and keep arms. No law should infringe one’s right to have a firearm at his or her disposal regardless of circumstances and conditions. Therefore,...
Introduction Governments need laws and guidelines that ensure the effective running of the nation through a particular authoritative order. The constitution is the governmental body that provides guiding principles and practices of a country by determining various powers and roles of the government that ensure rights to all citizens. Constitutional...
In the Olmstead v. U.S (1928) case, the defendants, Roy Olmstead and his employees were prosecuted for violating the Prohibition Act. They engaged in illegal smuggling, possessing, transporting, and selling of intoxicating alcohols (“Olmstead v. United States,” n.d.). Upon suspecting the illicit trade, the federal agents installed wiretaps to access...
The empirical study by Plumm et al. (2010) had an objective to identify the extent to which extra-legal characteristics contributed to the jury’s victim-blaming. To meet the objective, the authors conducted two jury simulation studies. In Study One, the jury members were grouped according to their level of homophobia, whereas...
Introduction The subject of gun control is a thoughtful topic of discussion for a long period. Guns give the impression that it has a strange authority over people: passion takes over the mind most of the time. The theme of gun control including the push for severer laws within the...
Introduction The present-day prison status in the U.S. makes one think that America is the most dangerous society in the world. According to Rubin (2021), America has over two million prisoners and an incarceration rate of 698 per 100,000 citizens, the highest in history worldwide. Many ex-convicts in the U.S....
The significant problems of modern forensic science in the United States are of progressively growing public interest. State activities related to detecting and investigating fatal crimes are an essential element of the judicial system. Moreover, if the mechanism described above does not work or produces false conclusions, it may result...
Domestic violence is intentional acts of a physical, psychological, or sexual nature by a family member against another family member, violating their rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests and causing them physical and mental suffering. Domestic violence can affect anyone, whether a child, an adult, an older person, a woman, or...
The effectiveness of corrective policies largely depends on how they are formulated. Therefore, although some concepts seem apparent at first glance, careful assessment is necessary to avoid erroneous interpretations. This is the main problem of applying correctional policies in case of recidivism. Experience has shown that different approaches to assessing...
Abstract A criminal investigation is a complex task for law enforcement agencies that are constantly being improved for the benefit of society. It operates with direct and indirect evidence, yet the latter is often challenging to utilize without sufficient knowledge of the psychology of a criminal (Brandl, 2019). Criminal profiling...
People with mental illnesses are hard to be conscious of their actions, and consequently, they may be engaged in criminality more often. When examining criminal acts, investigators tend to pay attention to the external details of the offense, whereas the internal state of offenders is often considered unimportant. The one...
The couple met first in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Nina was last seen alive on September 3, 2006. The key witnesses were a forensic technician, police, and a traffic officer. A sample of blood matching Nina Reiser’s DNA was found on a bag in Hans Reiser’s car and on a pillar...
Introduction Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer is a widely studied serial killer whose crimes involved unimaginable acts on the deceased bodies, including dismemberment, cannibalism, body parts preservation, and necrophilia. His offenses claimed the lives of around seventeen boys and young men. A detailed analysis of the life of this criminal could shed...
Recently, a series of corporate scandals related to the problem of unequal pay enabled more companies to begin acknowledging such an issue in their organizations. Every year, thousands of women report gender-based discrimination in the workplace, and the majority of these complaints concern a considerable difference in the level of...
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) violation is a widespread problem that clients face in multiple companies. The purpose of FCRA is to provide privacy and fairness and prevent violation of its rights and policies. It is necessary to have a client’s permission to access their private information (Johnston, 2021)....
Introduction I agree with the author that the state’s response has resulted in an overcriminalization of domestic violence cases. In the criminal justice system, an increasing number of jurisdictions have implemented several discretion-less regulations, such as mandatory arrests in domestic abuse situations. It also contains no-drop prosecutions, which force a...
The criminal justice system in the United States tends to express discrimination and disparities toward minority populations. While racial discrimination in the criminal justice system of the United States is frequently discussed in modern society, many people are not familiar with racial disparities in the system. Comparing discrimination against minority...
There are several similarities between contracts and agreements, but there is also significant difference between them. An agreement can be defined as mutual understanding between several parties concerning their rights, obligations, or performance. A contract, in turn, is “a legally binding agreement between two or more parties which, if it...
Memo This document addresses the issue of the Condo sale contract between Jason Momoa and Tom Arnold. A contract happens to be a lawfully binding arrangement involving two entities or individuals to do or refrain from doing something. Contract law is the oldest field of rule that deals with business...
Introduction Punishment for a committed crime is always a complicated question, which is why there is a wide variety of viewpoints regarding the punishment itself. There are two main mutually exclusive perspectives regarding a committed crime. The utilitarian theory of punishment seems more reasonable because it can prevent wrongdoing instead...
The warning letter by FDA has summarized and analyzed several of Prosana’s significant violations. One of the most interesting inspectional observations or violations of CFR21 part 211 is the fact that the company has failed to follow Quality Agreements under 21 CFR part 211.65 regulation. According to FDA’s policies, drug...
The term “deinstitutionalization” refers to a practice of transferring individuals with mental illness institutionalized settings to community-based treatment. In the USA, this process began to be implemented actively in the middle of the 20th century with the introduction of antipsychotic medication. Deinstitutionalization is currently one of the most topical issues...
Introduction Modern conflict resolution in criminal practice is increasingly turning to the use of restorative justice. Such practice helps to balance between justice system’s goals of punishment, rehabilitation, and community safety. According to US national statistics, 32 states adopted legislation confirming the possibility of using restorative justice (Pavelka, 2016). Although...
Summary Crime rates are a critical indicator of the status quo in the nation. Crime rates can vary significantly and be affected by a range of aspects ranging from geography to the economic situation and the demographic makeup, educational levels, and prevalent family structures in the population. Studying crime rates...
Introduction Globalization and civilization moved human society from a barter-trade system to the use of money as means of trade. Consequently, human beings find pleasure in money and would do anything possible to have money and accumulate wealth. Capitalism is an economic system that resulted from the use of money...
Profiling in modern criminal justice is an extremely common technology assisting professionals in better decision making. In particular, artificial intelligence helps the police in preventing crime and reducing the overall number of criminal cases (CBS News [00:30]). However, data-driven criminal justice activities may lead to worse racial discrimination and racial...
Criminological theories are inextricably linked to psychology: they are essential keys to understanding criminal behavior. Psychologically oriented criminological theories seek to explain criminal behavior by exploring links to personality, cognition, and intelligence. Psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory, and cognitive theory are the three main psychologically oriented-criminological theories that clarify the factors...
The technology marks progress, but law enforcement agencies’ slow introduction of innovative gadgets into work is strange since this could improve and facilitate many processes. The article “Introducing 3D printed models as demonstrative evidence at criminal trials” highlights a precedent in which a 3D printed model was used as evidence...
Introduction Cocaine is an addictive drug and occurs naturally in coca plants from South America. The drug poses several risks to a person’s well-being, such as paranoia, anger issues, irritability, nausea, constriction of blood vessels, over-excitement, respiratory complications, and pneumonia. Despite these effects, some people still smuggle small quantities of...
Introduction Victimization is the process of acquiring victimhood, or, in other words, the procedure of turning a person into a victim and its consequences. One of the vivid examples of this kind of “transformation” and victimization, in general, is human trafficking to exploit prostitution and provide private services outside the...
Domestic violence is a complicated issue that has to be resolved on the social, cultural, and legal levels. I agree with Prof. Epstein’s opinion that government intervention might not always be the appropriate strategy to fix the problem. As Epstein (1999, p. 132) puts it, “overcriminalization” places domestic violence on...
Elements of the Offence Aggravated assault is an unlawful act, which implies an individual’s or a group’s intent to inflict harm or cause aggravated injury to another person or several people. The 2022 edition of Martin’s Annual Criminal Code defines aggravated assault as a criminal offense, indicating its elements, defense,...
The United Kingdom follows both common law and civil laws in applying its jurisdiction. The common law system is based on judicial precedent, where key decisions made by the courts are used as precedent in future cases. Common laws can also be created through the legislation process, where bills are...
Facts Gender violence has been a central aspect of the U.S. criminal justice department. In a recent issue, Brenner (2022) records a strong move to strengthen the violence against women act. One key fact of this case is that it is a constitutional right to protect women from gender-based violence....
Introduction An essential task for the criminal justice system is to grant the rights of the appellant and the victim equally. This is achieved by providing the victim with a limited role that contributes to the realization of fair treatment for both the offender and the victim. In capital trials,...
Arrest Essentials of Arrest in English and Welsh Law The sources of criminal procedural law in England and Wales are, first of all, legislative acts, which for the most part, simultaneously regulate the issues of the judiciary. The criminal process is what happens in court. But today, there is a...
Introduction The government created the criminal justice system to punish undesirable conduct in individuals and compensate or reimburse the affected victims by ensuring the perpetrators are exiled from society. It utilizes law enforcement, the courts, and correctional facilities to achieve this goal (Myers). In recent years, there has been increased...
Introduction Charles Manson is among the most notorious criminals in history, most known for his involvement in the horrific killings of Sharon Tate and several other innocent Hollywood citizens. The Tate-LaBianca murders, also known as the Manson Family killings, fundamentally changed America’s concept of its own identity in the wake...
The increase in the overall level of crime, and homicide, in particular, is a severe problem in today’s US society. According to public data, the notable increase began in 2020, when the number of registered cases in the category mentioned above increased by 27 percent (Lopez, 2022, par. 1). Thousands...
Introduction Criminal gang activity is unlawful activities carried out by a continuing organization that forms to commit crimes and knowingly participates in a sequence of criminal gang operations. A good example is the mafia, which is a hierarchically organized group of criminals mostly of Sicilian or Italian ancestry (Acemoğlu et...
Introduction Multiculturalism is a policy that presupposes cultural pluralism and promotes its development. This is due to respect for the rights of the entire population of any country, regardless of ethnic, racial, and religious differences of people. In a multiculturalist society, all citizens of the country have equal rights to...
Introduction The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is a branch of government that is responsible for the management of justice. It comprises institutions that propagate this agenda through the acts of prosecution or/and imprisonment. In the case of the United Kingdom, the CJS is a collective body formed by the police,...
Dancygier et al. (2021) studied the issue of the manifestation of hate crime concerning refugees based on their demographic characteristics. The study’s main objective was to determine the extent to which Male Competition affects the perception of refugees among the male population. The desire to highlight this aspect is that...
Methodology Reflection and Preparation The central research issue is the identification of the causes of cyberbullying as an international activity from the perspective of criminology and the analysis of existing preventive methods. In this context, survey research is the most appropriate quantitative research method for the proposed project. It features...
Introduction Criminality and criminal justice are vast fields that differ across cultures and time dynamics. While one activity is legally punishable in one community, it may be the norm in other cultures. Despite the disparities in legality and criminal laws, people commit crimes all over the world. Thus, scholars and...
The criminal justice system has a wide variety of functions in distinct fields of implementation. The justice system evaluates crime, measures its rates, develops laws, assesses deviant behavior, and provides law enforcement, courts, and corrections (Burke et al., 2019). As modern technology develops and society undergoes significant changes, the criminal...
Introduction Researchers have spent a lot of time looking at the origins and effects of racial differences in criminal justice procedures, as well as the extent to which these discrepancies are due to discrimination or different rates of crime. Studies of victimization and offending patterns, as well as societal factors...
The crime rates in Wichita are much higher than the state and national rates. 2020 violent crime rates report that for a hundred thousand people in Wichita there were 1141 incidences compared to Kansas’ 346.4 and the U. S’s 388 for a similar population in 2020 (Area Vibes). Violent crimes...
Introduction The development of the digital music industry and the Internet is inevitably associated with the spread of piracy and illegal use of copyright materials. Major record labels have struggled with various platforms but often failed. They aimed to achieve maximum profit by protecting their materials with legal standards and...
Summary of the Case Clarence Brandenburg, a leader of a Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in a rural part of Ohio, contacted a reporter for news coverage of a rally happening in Hamilton in the summer of 1964. Several prominent local KKK members delivered speeches during the event, one of them...
When it comes to resolving the gun control-right to carry policy, how will reforms to the departmental policy benefit the agency and the parties involved? If the department adheres to and adopts the recommendations, it will assist new workers in the short term by providing knowledge and education about how...
Healthcare fraud is a serious and dangerous crime compared to the blue-collar crime. The threat of this type of law violation is measured in terms of health damage and financial losses. Healthcare swindling is practiced by healthcare providers, patients, and other people. Medical fraud mostly involves falsified reporting of medical...
Courts and their mechanisms exist to preserve fundamental human rights and freedoms. Conflicts and disagreements are inevitable in life, and it’s up to the courts to resolve them, whether it’s a breach of contract, a landlord-tenant conflict, or a claim of medical or legal malpractice. They pay attention to stakeholders...
If government faces threats to national security, it is valuable to balance the need to preserve security with civil liberties. When dealing with emerging issues, the government often violated civil liberties with the surveillance practice. The government surveillance of the civil rights activists, such as Cesar Estrada Chavez, the leader...
House Bill 96 SL2021-110 is a law that allows injectable drugs to be sold to pharmacists. The North Carolina General Assembly is dedicated to improving access to health care and better health for its citizens. Therefore, the North Carolina General Assembly is now enacting this law, taking into account various...
Major Categories of Health Care Fraud and Abuse As in many other areas, in healthcare, there is a problem of fraud and abuse, which can contribute to a significant level of risk for patients and organizations. Research indicates that “the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimates that fraudulent billing constitutes 3%...
Legality of Abortions Abortions are legal in all the U.S., and every state has at least one abortion clinic. However, some states have policies and regulations limiting whether, when and under what conditions an abortion can be performed. Such states laws can require the involvement of a licensed physician (or...
Issues Otis Lillicarp is a scallop fisherman in NSW. Stocks of scallops are dwindling, and so the State Parliament has enacted legislation which provides that “Each person wishing to fish for scallops must obtain an annual license, may be granted one license only and is limited to taking 50 scallops...
Introduction Legalizing the personal use of illegal drugs is a topic that is highly controversial and sparks questions of whether it is right or wrong. This research takes the stand that personal use of illegal drugs should not be legalized. According to Mold, legislation on illegal drugs is already present,...
For people to observe morality and have a sense of justice, public opinion is necessary. Since the laws and the police act by the law, the moral misconduct of a person should be universally condemned. If a person has committed a dishonest act, he cannot be punished with the help...
Introduction Can one be sure that in the case of trial, he/she will be judged fairly by the jury? The evidence suggests that not all U.S. citizens can be equally guaranteed the basic right established by the Sixth Amendment. Many scholars argue that the current community cross-section system may be...
Introduction Sovereign states may seem safe, but the world’s evolving dynamics in technology and economic aspects cause changes and shifts in the security sector. Geopolitical power, rise in technological developments in communication and defense weapons, conflicts in international interests, and financial instabilities possess critical security risks in many countries. The...
The areas that are affected by intellectual property rights when conducting clinical trials are the molecular structure of the drug, how it works in the human body, and outcomes of the clinical trial. The invention has to prove its uniqueness by disclosing technical information on the subject to attain a...
Introduction One of the primary forms of evidence collection and prosecution used by law enforcement has always been eyewitness testimony and identification of suspects. Historically, this has been a highly convincing form of evidence, with only a signed confession being more valuable in court. Until the advent of DNA testing...
Introduction: Presenting the Problems of the Case The case under analysis discloses a story about the murder of Frank Mafia whose alleged killer is Mile Mobster. However, the evidence that indicates his guilt is not sufficient and is merely based on the media interviews and witnesses ’ pure conjectures, which...
