Introduction Regarding criminal justice, Indigenous Peoples were overrepresented among those imprisoned for criminal charges. There are two ways to demonstrate this: by looking at the percentage of Indigenous people detained in the overall prison population and comparing the levels of Indigenous persons incarcerated and the variations in those levels over...
Introduction White-collar crimes are highly prevalent in business organizations and most institutions that handle human resources due to their non-violent nature and ambiguity. Although most people who engage in white-collar crimes do it for profit, white-collar crimes have become a menace because of several other reasons. Compared to blue-collar crimes...
Introduction All drugs should be legalized because it would free up some finances that the government spends on the criminal justice system. For example, most governments, such as the United States, spend billions of dollars on correctional services, courts, and law enforcement on many drug abuse cases. On the other...
Introduction It is important to note that the current systems of justice are built on the framework of retributive justice. Restorative justice is an alternative to the latter, which is based on the principles of harm repair rather than punishment. The concepts behind the methodological notion have practical examples, such...
Analyzing the Problem Domestic violence is physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence occurring within the family between former or current spouses or partners. People use this pattern of behavior to control or dominate another with whom they have had an intimate or family relationship. Domestic violence is dangerous because it...
Introduction One of the primary goals of the police is to protect citizens by promoting safety and trust. Cooperation between society and police service representatives is a core item in human interactions and development. However, today, controversies continue to grow and affect public support and perceptions of the Metropolitan Police...
Repeat offenders continue to commit offenses after serving their sentence for a prior offense. Three-strikes legislation is a statute that mandates a lengthy jail sentence for a defendant found guilty of a specific third-time crime, typically a significant criminal (Worrall, 2008). The conditions for applying the law vary from state...
The federal judiciary is a branch of the federal government created under the U.S constitution and federal government laws. The primary role of the judiciary is to interpret the law, resolve disputes, and provide justice to citizens. The judiciary evaluates the constitutionality of federal statutes and settles other legal disputes...
Introduction and Rationale Youth crime or juvenile offense is one of the significant problems of the criminal justice system. Unlawful behavior of minors has had a high prevalence and obtained particular attention from researchers and academics involved in investigating the causes, manifestations, and possible solutions to youth crime (Densley et...
Knowledge of all the stages that go into the trial process is of critical importance for understanding what is included in this decision-making and sentencing procedure. Hence, there are three main stages, pretrial, trial, and disposition, between which intermediate stages may occur. In the American criminal justice system, pretrial has...
Since ancient times punishment has been used to prevent unwanted and especially criminal behavior. Punishment in jurisprudence, theology, and philosophy has been viewed as a means by which a humanâs behavior can be changed. However, this method of changing people’s behavior has long been criticized. Policies against sexual offenders are...
Summary The article by Petrosino, Turpin-Petrosino, and Buehler (2003) explores the implementation of the Scared Straight and other programs involving organized visits to prisons by juvenile delinquents to prevent them from committing a crime in the future. The advocates of the program and other researchers think that making at-risk children...
Introduction I chose to write about the position of a youth case manager since my knowledge can be efficiently applied for the betterment of people’s lives through this job. A case manager must help young criminals to reintegrate into society by connecting them with necessary services, such as family counselors,...
In the US Juvenile Justice System (JJS), the issues of false confessions arise as controversial and problematic due to minorsâ false confessions compared to adultsâ. Multiple research studies and policy-making considerations have been introduced to address the drawbacks in the contemporary JJS that commonly fails to recognize age-specific particularities of...
For several decades, the criminal justice system (CJS) has been shaped by economic bias. The crimes involving the wealthy are either treated lightly or ignored. On the other hand, the common street crimes committed by the poor result in arrest, charges, conviction, and sentencing. More often than not, African-Americans are...
Introduction Avocado production in Mexico is primarily export-oriented and produces significant profits for the region. However, due to these profits, it is an area of an industry heavily tangled with organized crime activities that promote the unequal distribution of accumulated wealth. Avocado production expansion and gang violence associated with it...
Introduction Solitary confinement is the most severe disciplinary punishment in prison. It further restricts the already very limited rights of persons deprived of their liberty. Therefore, the procedure and conditions for the application of a penalty, including the violation for which it can be imposed, must be clearly spelled out...
Introduction Within the last few decades, the punitive aspect of prison has been deemphasized in favor of its rehabilitative potential in public discourse. Consequently, the practice of solitary confinement has become a subject of controversy. Approximately five percent of incarcerated populations in the U.S. are in confinement at any given...
The 1999 Columbine school shooting Public mass shootings in the US have significantly increased in number over the last few decades as the motives of school shooters become deadlier. The 1999 Columbine school shooting is considered one of the first crimes of the category with a direct motive to cause...
Introduction Domestic violence is still a common problem in modern society. It involves abuse of children, intimate partners, older adults and affects about ten million people in the United States every year (Huecker et al., 2022). Abuse can include economic, psychological, emotional, and physical, including sexual treatment. Violence is often...
Background The United States government and the state of Texas have been grappling with the issue of school violence and school shootings for many years. The Uvalde shooting was one of the deadliest school shootings in American history and prompted a national debate on gun control and school safety. In...
Summary Terry v. Ohio case represents the public order model of criminal justice. It is conditioned by the fact that the policeman took control of the situation and used his power to investigate the case. The court ruled that the police officerâs actions were reasonable for his own protection; however,...
Adolescence refers to the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. The country’s legal framework should consider the psychological and social problems of such minors when adopting legislation on crimes committed by them. This fact means that when sentencing adults in court, the state of their mental development should be...
Gun control is a controversial issue that raises emotions and strong arguments between the two opposing sides. Over the last two decades, the United States government has implemented several gun control measures to reduce annual gun-related deaths. Despite the implementation of gun control measures such as access prevention for children,...
Problem A police officer has the right to use physical force, special means and firearms. However, the public often interprets the use of force in two ways. In this regard, this article reveals the influence of police storytelling as evidence of the use of force as a necessary defense. Despite...
Introduction Community-oriented policing services (COPS) using appropriate performance measurements have enhanced problem-solving strategies. Police management becomes flexible, allowing quick organization and responding appropriately to each emerging crime pattern instead of the traditional routine approach. Besides, measurement brings in a skillful perspective that makes police apply the best intervention toolkit in...
Introduction Every year the number of people who die in shootings increases: in 2019, this figure almost reached 9 thousand people (Whitehead et al., 2018). The importance of the topic is due to the fact that public safety is threatened by the absence of proper gun control: it stimulates the...
The issue of gun violence has a negative impact on people’s health, well-being, and advancement, and this trauma perpetuates underlying health and socioeconomic disparities, resulting in substantial difficulties for people and their daily life. Hence, the particular topic was selected due to its relevance and an essence that can be...
Ban the Box is the campaign by some social advocates aimed at removing the question of former convictions from employment applications. Since there is often no distinction between the different convictions, whether they were petty crimes or something as extreme as murder, and regardless of when the applicant was released....
In one respect, rehabilitation programs have to be universal to demonstrate maximal effectiveness, as their main purpose lies in assisting all types of criminals in social reintegration. Universality, in this context, means the possibility to classify a particular offender and then identify the techniques and approaches that are the most...
Introduction There are about 450,000 Aboriginal people in Australia, and they often maintain a traditional way of life as hunters and gatherers. There are huge challenges for Indigenous people – employment problems, housing issues, difficulties with alcohol, and criminal challenges, but still; the Aboriginal population is growing steadily. Thus, it...
Discretion is one of the essential notions in the criminal justice system, standing for the right of judges and other officials to act and make decisions based on oneâs dictates of consciousness. It is manifested in the fact that great power, from its own perspective, can use a flexible combination...
For this research, we will particularly look at the Robb Elementary School shootings that claimed 22 lives, including that of the gunman. Before the fatal events at the elementary school, the gunman celebrated his 18th birthday and bought at least two assault rifles as his present shortly after. Later on,...
The state of California has distinct procedures concerning correction practices. Sentencing types employed in California include jail, prison, and several alternatives, such as drug treatment programs, probation, and home detention (Shouse, 2021). The prison system in California is managed by CDCR (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation), which concentrates on...
Re-entry programs have been developed nationwide in the form of collaborative public-private partnerships to help criminals and prisoners return to their communities as law-abiding citizens. Although such collaborations were fruitful, they were categorized as demonstrations or pilot programs, which limited their scope in terms of geographic conditions and time. The...
Summary The criminal system uses both open-system models and closed-system models. The open-system model relies on the influence of the external environment to make decisions. On the other hand, the closed-system model relies on an organization’s internal systems to account for various behaviors. For instance, if a prisoner was abused...
Cybercrimes are prevalent in the modern world because the Internet has become an integral element of numerous life spheres. The given paper analyses whether and how Kuwait addresses the issue. Kuwaiti experience is then compared to the approaches that are found in the French and English legal systems. The study...
I believe that the developmental and neuroscience explanations of juvenile delinquency and behavior have a strong basis. Neurobiological evidence is becoming increasingly commonplace in the courts, demonstrating the effectiveness and popularity of the approach (Aono et al., 2019). Criminal law and the courts consider not only the physical actions of...
As teenagers who break the law are redirected from juvenile courts to adults with increasing frequency, questions about the appropriateness of such a practice are raised. Initially, this measure was intended to reduce the level of juvenile delinquency due to its more frequent cases (Redding, 2003). However, as a result,...
The BBC One Panorama documentary Domestic Abuse: Caught on Camera shows footage and evidence of domestic violence that has been a persistent problem in the UK. Domestic violence has accounted for one-third of recorded assaults with injury in Wales and England, as suggested in the report (BBC, 2014). The documentary...
Roach, K. (2017). Reforming and resisting the criminal law: Criminal justice and the tragically hip. Manitoba Law Journal, 40(3), 1-51. The abstract of the article makes it clear that the author focuses on the study of Tragically Hip songs as a source of calls to reform the criminal justice system....
The current paper examines one of the most influential court cases in American history – Marbury v. Madison (1803). Marbury issued a writ of mandamus to the Supreme Court that should have forced Madison to take legal action concerning the commissions of new judges. The lawsuit focused on three questions...
Although crime is a challenging topic to describe, it is necessary to do so before studying it. A crime is specified as a deliberate deed or omission in contravention of the provisions of law, perpetrated by lacking justification or rationale and condoned by the nation. Other factors also play a...
Abstract Capital punishment for juvenile offenders is a contentious issue that requires fast action to eradicate it as a form of penalty. Juvenile delinquents are incapable of reasoning like their counterparts adults but face harsh punishments in various US states and worldwide. Individuals at this age are subject to various...
Alternatives to imprisonment are disciplinary or alternative treatments for offenders that do not include incarceration in a prison or jail, either at the time of sentence or in reaction to non-compliance by an individual currently undergoing supervised release. Alternative options to incarceration in California include split sentences, which is a...
Proactive actions reflect better on society than post-factum punishments. However, such an approach requires a specific strategy for each problem. For example, the case of underage drinkers requires deterring stores from breaking the law. Worrall (2018) states that a crackdown is a practical approach when it is necessary “to remove...
Crimes of the powerful refer to a variety of illegal or destructive behaviors committed by powerful people. They can be carried out by whole organizations, corporate elites, state entities, and representatives. Some critical criminologists include domestic violence, which may be based on patriarchal ideological beliefs, and hate crimes, which may...
The rule of law is a democratic type of state, such an activity of state power, in which the rule of law is ensured. All people are equal before the law, and the rule of law is one of the main features; there is a process of equality of all...
Abstract The US is one of the nations whose statutes do not infringe on individuals’ right to own firearms. However, compared to countries like Canada, Norway, and Australia, the US reports a significantly higher number of gun violence cases and related crimes. Unfortunately, the issue of evaluating gun laws in...
Aspects of the Case Clarence Gideon was charged with petty theft after a witness pointed out his presence near the crime scene. This case was destined to change the face of the legislative judiciary in America. Gideon was charged with insufficient real evidence but did not have sufficient tools to...
The juvenile justice system is an institution that is concentrated on working with underage people who commit delinquent acts. There are many nuances related to the rights, duties, psychological maturity, and legal status of underage people that are being accused of breaking the law. Due to this, various differences exist...
The decisions of the US Supreme Court in Roper v. Simons (2005) and Graham v. Florida (2010) are major landmarks in how the juvenile justice system is exercised in the US under the Eighth amendment. On March 1, 2005, the Supreme Court reviewed the death penalty’s constitutionality for juvenile offenders....
In criminal law, plea bargaining may be defined as the practice of making a particular legal agreement between the defense and the prosecution. According to it, the defendant may plead guilty to all or some charges in exchange for the prosecutorâs concessions (Pollock, 2018). The majority of experts agree that...
Prosecutorial discretion is a factor that can impact decisions in criminal cases and is critical to understand. The extent of discretionary decision-making in criminal law is an issue subjected to numerous discussions as it creates an opportunity for biased ruling and is often criticized for being one of the causes...
Introduction Report writing is one of the most important elements in the court because it helps the advocate brief the judge on a case. Reports are used for specific cases, such as a criminal case against a minor or adoption (United States Courts, 2020). When the reports are presented consistently...
Prison sentences for minors are the subject of a wide discourse, especially regarding life sentences in custody. After watching various videos and reading several scientific papers, the opinion develops that the revision of criminal cases against children and adolescents has many positive sides. It is difficult to disagree with this...
Criminal justice is characterized by several essential features, the most important of which are integrity, authority, and discretionary powers. To understand each of the signs as accurately as possible, it is crucial to know their definitions. Integrity is the inviolability of certain moral qualities, their true state, which is not...
Although teenage crime rates have decreased since the mid-1990s, public dread and political discourse surrounding the subject have grown. Over the last three decades, female involvement in the juvenile justice system has gradually increased in the United States. Even being mostly involved in minor criminal offenses, girls are more likely...
Introduction Retribution is a justifiable punishment for a wrong committed against others. One of its core principles is that it is suitable for the legal authorities to provide appropriate suffering for the people who commit crimes. In addition, the other stance is that it is intrinsically morally well for a...
The idea of a trial by jury is often criticized due to the lack of accuracy that is often attributed to it. Specifically, multiple sources claim that jurors may be open to biases, yet they disregard the fact that so can be judges. Thus, with only one person making a...
Summary One of the controversial concepts concerning juveniles enshrines the determination of the justice system among the counterparts. Different institutions play dynamic roles towards promoting distributive social justice system. The vital factor of consideration in restoring order is the distinctive approach to render the desired disciplining among the youths in...
Summary This study aims to analyse the concept of cryptocurrency and gaining a legal understanding in different jurisdictions especially in the US. The study will also seek to establish whether cryptocurrencies can be used to facilitate money laundering, and if they facilitate money laundering; finally, the study will seek to...
Introduction Racial and ethnic disparities remain a serious problem for the US population. Such differences provoke unfair minority pressure and affect interpersonal relationships and social order. When racism touches upon law enforcement and other criminal justice system elements, the number of concerns grows. Individuals expect the police and courts to...
Introduction It is important to note that any form of national security measure comes at a cost or risk of the impending danger of violating and restricting the civil liberties of the people being protected. The case is also true when it comes to law enforcement intelligence, which is critical...
Summary Ladies and gentlemen, today we are going to discuss money laundering through cryptocurrencies, paying more attention to risks posed by cryptocurrencies. Little information is available on this topic especially on the use of cryptocurrencies in aiding money laundering. Let us define some terms that are of key importance in...
Miranda rights, or Miranda warnings, are specific rights read by police officers to the people held in custody. It is important to mention that Miranda rights have to be read only by state actors and only to the person that is arrested. In addition, police officers must read Miranda rights...
Introduction Aaron Hernandez v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, decided in 2013, is one of the cases that entailed the prosecution’s capacity to show enough evidence in a court trial adequately. A case must have ultimately persuaded the judges that the accused is responsible for the crime committed without any doubt. When...
Introduction It is foolish to deny that the American prison is one of the most dangerous, inefficient, and worst places on the Northwest continent from both a physical and institutional perspective. Inmates of all genders face equally huge and numerous interactional barriers and obstacles at all levels in these places,...
Introduction It is important to note that juvenile delinquency is a major part of criminology, where the law is violated by underage individuals. Since the agents are not considered adults, the issue becomes a complex and intricate one, where the standard justice systems might not apply or apply in a...
Introduction The juvenile justice system in the United States (US) originates from the late 1800s. As a result, in 1899 the country developed its first juvenile justice court. All throughout its existence, the juvenile corrections have primarily oscillated between rehabilitation to the use of punitive forms of punishment. At the...
Introduction Leslie Paik of City College of New York, United States, wrote the article âGood parents, bad parents: Rethinking family involvement in juvenile justice.â The paper presents a new theoretical framework for exploring how families may be involved in various cases of youth delinquency in juvenile court. Overall, the author...
Introduction Modern criminal justice in the world is based on constitutional guarantees of individual rights. In all countries, the supremacy of constitutional provisions is proclaimed in cases of discrepancy between criminal procedure norms or other related legislation regulating the restriction of an individual’s rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests during the...
Summary Juvenile crimes have been a challenge in the United States, with young personâs engaging in different crimes. In Washington, there have been reports of truancy from schools, drug and substance abuse, bullying in schools, robbery, and theft, among other crimes (Wang et al., 2020). The crimes are attributed to...
Introduction In the justice system, there have been a lot of disparities in how justice is served to men and women offenders. Although justice is supposed to be served equally, women tend to receive less conviction than men. This also explains why there are numbers in prisons in some countries...
The criminal justice system does have a responsibility to help formerly incarcerated people. I believe that the answer to that question is based on oneâs opinion regarding the function of that system. Some may believe that it serves to punish criminals for their actions, yet this is far from my...
Introduction For more than three decades, the privatization of prisons and detention centers has been a contentious issue in U.S. politics. At the end of President Obama’s second term, the administration under Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates highlighted a plan to phase out the private prisons (Craig & Pond Cummings,...
Introduction While the course of studying the educational materials, we touched on the big topic of the close connection between culture, psychology, and the overall legal system (Costanzo & Krauss, 2012). The modern arrangement of laws is developed according to determined schemes and algorithms, while the world is shifting very...
Introduction Eyewitnesses are untrustworthy due to amnesia and age variables; additionally, elderly witnesses seem to be more unreliable than younger generations. As they provide incorrect responses and are more convincing, these seniors are typically insistent and confident. Poor vision might sometimes render eyewitness reports untrustworthy. In court hearings, adequate visual...
An adversarial judicial system aims to present conflicting views to an impartial arbitrator who decides which side is right. The adversarial judicial system protects the rights of citizens: personal autonomy, the assistance of a lawyer, equal protection from the law, and the right to prove guilt (Guarnieri & Pederzoli, 2020)....
Introduction The articles under consideration speak about the modifications of the work of federal and state courts. The publication of Marc Galanter claims the decline in trials, the shift in their makeup, and the increasing complexity of procedures. In turn, the piece of Mae C. Quinn is devoted to the...
Background It is important to note that the specific topic to be analyzed is Alton Logan’s wrongful conviction case. The relevant historical information about the separate issue is that Alton Logan was unjustly convicted of a homicide he did not execute and spent 26 years in prison. The actual killer...
Introduction Incarcerated individuals or persons with pending criminal charges have unique needs. Nelson Mandela is credited with stating that the manner in which society treats its prisoners is a sharp reflection of its character (Penal Reform International, 2019). Incarcerated individuals require health services, behavior change interventions, education, and vocational training....
Introduction Many people require supervision in the United States, which makes it essential to understand the contributing factors to their success. The number of people under probation and parole is higher than that of people incarcerated in federal, state, or local institutions. Both probation and parole are considered community correction...
Zalnieriute, M., Moses, L. B., & Williams, G. (2019). The rule of law and automation of government decisionâmaking. The Modern Law Review, 82(3), 425-455. The article reveals the concept of the rule of law throughout the country. The requirements of the law apply to all subjects of legal relations equally....
Justice Is the Rule of Law The rule of law itself is an integral part of any democratic society. The concept of the rule of law requires that all officials treat every person with dignity, equality, rationality, and law. Moreover, it maintains that everyone should have the opportunity to appeal...
Summary Morale is a term used to describe the psychological state of a person or group with regard to their productivity and motivation. Morale can be defined as the emotional climate within a team or organization. Some experts argue that there is a correlation between high crime levels and low...
Introduction In order to protect society from crimes and the negative impact of individuals, the state elects and adopts appropriate laws. However, this area is not completely universal, since in some cases it is difficult to bring to justice. According to the norms, parents should be held responsible for the...
Case:Â Fernandez v. California, (2014). Facts: The parties to the lawsuit are the petitioner Walter Fernandez and the respondent the State of California. The dispute revolved around the Walter Fernandezâs petition to review the decision of the Trial Court that found him guilty. Fernandez was arrested in the first place because...
Introduction The Headingley Correctional Centre experienced one of the worst inmate unrest in history. On April 25, 1996, a riot occurred after a scuffle between the correctional officers (COs) and some prisoners in the facility’s basement (Williamson, 2017). Despite law enforcement’s efforts to contain the unrest, it lasted for nearly...
A criminal justice plan is an approach to law implementation that involves arresting, arraigning, defending, and sentencing the lawbreakers. Japan has five distinctive courts, summary, district, family, high court, and supreme tribunals. The legal system formulation embarks on law enforcement, promoting integrity to the complainants and guaranteeing public safety. A...
Introduction The topic of gun control has been ingrained in American society and its political debates. In the recent years following the new administration of President Joe Biden, the arguments over gun control have waxed and waned. In the United States of America, gun ownership is controlled by a number...
Abstract Drug trafficking is the global illegal or illicit trade in which individuals cultivate, manufacture, transport, distribute and sell non-medicinal substances subjected to drug prohibited laws. On the other hand, money laundering is the illicit process of converting huge amounts of money earned from illegal or criminal activities such as...
Crimes are unlawful actions that affect everyone in society. These activities are conducted at different levels, and while they are disadvantageous and harmful to individuals and businesses, some people end up benefiting from this practice. Part of the crime beneficiaries are the crime control industry stakeholders. These individuals or business...
Prison as a social institution is an ambiguous phenomenon for society. On the one hand, this is a place for punishment of criminals, which is associated with danger and negativity. On the other hand, it is an element of influencing society in such a way that the guilty citizens get...
Introduction Gangs have become the way of life in Chicago, causing fear in the city. Chicago has been recognized as one of the most segregated cities in the United States. Due to solid gang culture, murder rates and street violence continue to increase every day in Chicago. Gangs even recruit...
Introduction A significant part of the work of an employee of the authorities is documentation. Thus, it is very important for them to have the necessary writing skills to be able to provide multiple but informative reports on any events. The information should contain the main provisions of the incident...
The empirical study by Plumm et al. (2010) had an objective to identify the extent to which extra-legal characteristics contributed to the juryâs victim-blaming. To meet the objective, the authors conducted two jury simulation studies. In Study One, the jury members were grouped according to their level of homophobia, whereas...
Introduction The subject of gun control is a thoughtful topic of discussion for a long period. Guns give the impression that it has a strange authority over people: passion takes over the mind most of the time. The theme of gun control including the push for severer laws within the...
Introduction I agree with the author that the state’s response has resulted in an overcriminalization of domestic violence cases. In the criminal justice system, an increasing number of jurisdictions have implemented several discretion-less regulations, such as mandatory arrests in domestic abuse situations. It also contains no-drop prosecutions, which force a...