Apel, A. B., & Diller, J. W. (2016). Prison as punishment: A behavior-analytic evaluation of incarceration. The Behavior Analyst, 40(1), 243–256. This peer-reviewed study, published in a reputable database, Springer, critically assesses the efficacy of incarceration as punishment and highlights its limitations. Every year, millions of people in the USA...
Introduction The issue of which civil liberties should be granted to inmates is multifaceted, intricately linked to our societal principles, perceptions of fairness, and commitment to human dignity. While imprisonment inherently curtails some liberties, prisoners, regardless of their guilt, retain their essential human rights. Thus, a harmonious strategy that guarantees...
Case Summary In 2009, Angela Simpson committed first-degree murder, for which she was sentenced to life in prison plus 14 years. The main factors that determined the degree of punishment were the severity of the crime, as well as the torture to which the victim was subjected before being killed....
Introduction Assessing crime, especially homicides, provides valuable insights into the degree of safety and security within a society. Homicides are considered indicator crimes because of their severity and social impact. To assess the effectiveness of public safety campaigns, manage funding effectively, and implement preventative measures, people, lawmakers, and law enforcement...
Introduction Community-based corrections can play a detrimental role in establishing a safer environment. Concerning the Virtual Criminal Justice Alliance, the potential to assist individuals in their rehabilitation, integration into society, and commitment to a law-abiding, healthy existence is high. However, it is important to identify the components required for the...
An examination of homicide statistics in Canada and Japan reveals notable distinctions in their socio-cultural environments and patterns of criminal activity. Canada witnessed a worrisome increase in homicides in 2022, as the rate of 2.25 per 100,000 inhabitants peaked after 30 years, for a total of 874 homicides (Government of...
Introduction The American judicial system is structured around federal and state courts, with opponents supposed to submit their arguments to unbiased judges or jurors who then rule on the facts based on applicable legislation. The justice system also manages an intricate network of federal and state prisons that serve as...
Introduction The statement that women are frequently depicted as victims of crime and that female criminality is typically downplayed is a complicated and multifaceted topic. After researching the topic, one can see significant shifts in the perceptions of female criminality. At the same time, victimization of the female population persists,...
Introduction Unfortunately, crime is an integral part of society, and people are divided into those who engage in illegal activities and those who avoid them. The first category can include both those who were involved in a crime and atoned for their guilt and those who remain criminal offenders. However,...
Summary It is important to investigate how news reports cover events and present homicide statistics. They can help reveal critical insights into the topic and present new ideas about why crimes occur in the cities. Moreover, news reports can provide helpful information that supplements official data. The present assignment analyzes...
Introduction In my critical analysis of the articles by Nakao (2019), Room et al. (2019), and Ruggiero & South (2013), I have noticed a common theme that resonates across all three pieces: the endless complexities of how criminals are punished and the society’s responses to them will be intertwined. Every...
Causes of Criminal Activity Criminal activity in modern society is one of the most disturbing and deeply researched topics. Scientists are trying to find the main reasons why individuals engage in criminal activities. The debate on this topic has been divided into two positions: on the one hand, the influence...
Introduction Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling or psychological profiling, is a special technique. It is used by law enforcement to analyze behavioral evidence left at a crime scene and develop a profile of the likely offender. By examining actions and behaviors documented at the scene, profilers achieve their...
Benefits of Offender-Victim Meeting I feel that a meeting between the offender and the victim could lead to beneficial changes for both parties. Many people who have experienced physical or psychological trauma may develop post-traumatic stress disorder years later. The perpetrator, in turn, may struggle with rehabilitation. As a result,...
Introduction In reflecting on whether a gendered approach to treatment is necessary for justice-involved women, I draw on personal experiences and insights from Bloom et al.’s (2004) article. I aim to conclude by arguing for the necessity of a gender-sensitive approach. The acquaintances of justice-affiliated women highlight the pressing need...
The challenges of dealing with psychopaths within the prison system are complex, primarily because of their manipulative nature and lack of responsiveness to traditional treatment programs. Prison officials, when faced with individuals suspected of being psychopaths, must strike a balance between the goals of rehabilitation and the need to maintain...
Introduction In the United States, crime is a serious social problem that affects many facets of society, including the economy, local communities, and individual lives. The issue becomes especially acute when comparing crime rates related to guns in other countries. Consequently, the matter attracts significant attention not only at the...
Article and Author Background and Credibility The article “A Review of Street Lighting Evaluations: Crime Reduction Effects” was elaborated by Ken Pease, a British forensic psychologist and criminologist (Pease, 2019). The context of this study encompasses the idea of increasing crime levels through street lighting, reducing residents’ fear, and improving...
Introduction Cults are dangerous organizations of people who can act in various ways, pursuing goals that contradict social values. Charles Manson was a criminal who was able to organize a relatively large community of people by uniting them for murder. A remarkable aspect is that the criminal himself did not...
Introduction The topic of mental health has progressed immensely throughout the years. Before 2000, it was a topic that, at one point, didn’t exist. My parents would tell me that mental health was not a concern or even a thought when they grew up. People didn’t understand mental health until...
Introduction Preventive patrol is the application of a strategy to prevent crime and maintain order on the streets. This action involves police officers patrolling specific areas and at designated times. This article reviews the preventive patrol and the preventive patrol experiment in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1972 to 1973, and...
Introduction As an active social activist from Arizona, I am going to discuss an issue that is affecting Arizona’s prison correctional system: prison gangs. Considering that the state has been grappling with the problem of prison gangs for several years now. It is critical to advocate for policies and practices...
Importance of Prison Governance Although inmates are limited in their ability to enjoy various human rights, their safety is a critical concern. Prison governance is important because it helps to keep the inmates safe. The prison system is governed in a way that keeps society safe from individuals who may...
Discovery of the Crime Scene, Victims, and Circumstances The article starts by describing the arrival of the police at 1122 King Road in Moscow, Idaho, to witness the macabre scene. Four University of Idaho students pursuing their undergraduate degrees had been stabbed with a seemingly fixed knife. Madison Mogen, Ethan...
Introduction Andrew Goldstein’s legal case has provoked vital inquiries regarding the convergence of mental illness and the criminal justice system. While accused of the homicide of Kendra Webdale, it is critical to analyze whether Andrew was a murderer or, instead, a victim of the nation’s healthcare system. Additionally, examining whether...
Introduction In United States v. Blagojevich, et al. (2008), the former governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich, and his co-defendants were accused of conspiracy and fraud. The key issue in this case was the lack of cooperation from witnesses, which hindered the investigators from determining the truth. To address this issue,...
Introduction In the context of the Central Park Jogger case, its importance and controversy are primarily due to the ambiguity of the judicial actions, but also fully consistent with the course material. The young men who committed the crimes officially confessed on video and were recorded (1). At the same...
Introduction to Social Control Theory The core idea behind the social control theory is that a person’s commitment to societal norms can be seen as one of the prevention mechanisms against social deviance. It means that individual bonds represent a source of influence that can be expected to improve one’s...
Introduction Prisons have existed since immemorial times, and even before modern times, they were places of preliminary detention, where criminals awaited execution, corporal punishment, or exile. For a long time, places of confinement were considered places of intimidation. However, with the development of state mechanisms, remedial systems were improved. The...
Introduction The current state of the imprisonment system is focused on the inmate’s punishment instead of his rehabilitation. It is undeniable that being incarcerated affects a person in several ways. These negative experiences increase stress and the will to adapt to unfamiliar circumstances. Understanding how these feelings form the prison...
Introduction The rapist, cannibal, and necrophile Ted Bundy is one of the most heinous murderers in US history. On his account, at least thirty-six killings occurred; however, some accounts place the number of victims closer to a hundred. The serial killer was active in America in the 1970s, from Florida...
Purpose and Duties of Correctional Institutions Correctional institutions implement punishment for a committed criminal act. They are part of the system of law enforcement agencies while providing an educational, social, and economic impact on inmates, ensuring the necessary standard of living for inmates in places of detention, performing production and...
Introduction The first responder arriving at a crime scene has one of the key roles to ensure an effective investigation. Preservation and documentation are the most valuable measures once the first responder ensures the crime scene is safe. The control of those present and their actions should be part of...
Types of Fibers and Challenges in Forensic Analysis Natural Fibers Cotton Fibre Cotton and wool are natural fibres that can be used as trace evidence in criminalistics. Plants produce cotton fibre, which is widely used in the textile industry. Cotton is characterised by a structure with twisted ribbon-like shapes and...
Introduction Working in a prison is one of the most challenging professions in the world. Prison staff face many problems that can hurt their mental and physical health. One of the main challenges for prison staff is working with male and female inmates who may be dangerous and have behavioral...
Introduction The working title of the course project topic is ‘Gun Control.’ This project will examine the controversy surrounding gun control in the United States. The question of whether Americans should be allowed to buy and carry guns freely has been a topic of intense discussion for many decades. Overview...
Introduction The Mexican cartels went through different stages of development and caused many problems for Mexico and its citizens. As crucial questions connected to the assertion, it is vital to highlight the impact of cartels in Mexico on neighboring countries, particularly the US. In addition, an important aspect of addressing...
Introduction This paper presents a reaction to the first six chapters of the book The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice (Waveland Press, Inc., 2018), authored by Victor Kappeler and Gary Potter. Summary The Social Construction of Crime Myths Chapter one of the book addresses the social construction of crime...
Statistics Getting an employment opportunity can be a challenging task, especially for ex-convicts who are returning to the community. This assertion is supported by various research in criminology, which has shown the adverse effects of criminal records on the chances of a person securing employment. Almost one-third of the adult...
Introduction Criminal justice reform in the United States has been debated for many years. One issue that needs to be resolved is prison overcrowding, with the prison population in the United States presenting more than two million individuals. Various reforms have been proposed and implemented to reduce overcrowding and improve...
Basic Research Question The study by Paternoster et al. explores a fundamental question about the effect that other-regarding preferences and sanction threats have on the chance of drinking and driving. The study aims to explain the correlation between these factors and results. The article presents two theoretical hypotheses chosen as...
Book Summary In the book Code of the Street, Elijah Anderson tries to highlight the main features of the so-called street code. These are certain informal rules that govern the behavior of people in public. Moreover, this code is a certain way of protection, so people try to adhere to...
Introduction The newly appointed chief of police in a racially balanced North Carolina city reviews data showing that school resource officers (SROs) arrest Black students for marijuana possession at three times the rate of white students, despite equal usage rates. This disparity has sparked minor protests. Some community members demand...
Introduction Case managers, probation officers, and parole officers are integral in building robust offender case plans. As such, these professionals must be mindful of their work’s impact on their clients’ lives. A well-crafted case plan should be tailored to the client’s needs and designed to provide them with the best...
Introduction In modern times, including criminal justice in the criminal curriculum is very important. Legal education at school is an organized, purposeful influence on forming the child’s general legal consciousness, judgments, beliefs, and ideals. Children must understand what their actions can lead to. In this way, they will be better...
Introduction Complex societal issues without a clear definition or a finite list of solutions are called “wicked problems.” Rittel and Webber (1973) list characteristics of wicked issues, such as being one-of-a-kind, having no clearly defined set of allowed operations, and being only a symptom of something more fundamental. The authors...
Introduction The drama movie The Shawshank Redemption was released in 1994 in the United States, based on the 1982 Stephen King novella. The Shawshank Redemption is a prison-break story, a fairy tale of imprisonment and emancipation in which an abused prisoner overcomes terrible adversity by running away into dreams of...
Introduction A supermax prison, otherwise known as a maximum security prison, is designed to hold the most dangerous inmates, such as those convicted of murder, kidnapping, terrorism, or other serious crimes. These prisons are intended to ensure the utmost security, with highly restrictive conditions, limited access to the outside world,...
Summary The criminal justice system is an integral part of the state’s functioning. Each country’s system has its own strengths and weaknesses, depending on the cultural and historical background. The US justice system also has some problems that many researchers have analyzed. This review aims to explore and highlight the...
Introduction Asbury Park, New Jersey, is a small seaside city with a diverse community. While the number of residents is relatively low, it is essential to highlight the diversity and the specific characteristics linked to the said demographic. The zip code 07712 is in Monmouth County, New Jersey, where Asbury...
Introduction Counseling inmates is an integral part of wardens’ work. They use various approaches, including individual and group counseling, interactive development programs, and social support programs. Below are some of these approaches and their effectiveness. Counseling Approaches for Prisoners Individual Individual counseling is one of the most effective approaches for...
Introduction White-collar crimes (WCC) present a severe issue for society due to the difficulties associated with the persecution of such offenders. The public weighs in on factors such as wrongfulness and the damage done by a perpetrator when deciding on the appropriate punishment. However, neither aspect is easily noticeable by...
Introduction The supervision of adult male offenders who struggle with drug use disorders is a complex and multifaceted task. It necessitates an in-depth familiarity with substance abuse and mental health issues. In comparison, the skill to develop individualized treatment plans that account for each offender’s specific needs and abilities. Probation...
Identifying a Prisoner Type A person’s actions and subsequent designation as a prisoner would rely on several variables if they were to get into a bar fight and wind up in jail. For instance, if the inmate has a history of violence, they can be put in a maximum-security facility....
Introduction In criminology, it is essential to determine why a criminal commits a crime, who is more susceptible to criminal behavior, and how to prevent crime. Examining a situation featuring Lisa, a 13-year-old girl with a history of property offenses and gang affiliation, this criminology article uses the cumulative risk...
Introduction The murder of JonBenét Ramsey is one of the most famous unsolved cases in American history. The Ramsey family was subjected to close examination, and there were several ideas and rumors about who the murderer was as the case quickly gained public attention. The first crime scene was severely...
Introduction Criminal activity is one of modern society’s most challenging and complex issues. Especially if it concerns the distinction between male and female-dominated crime acts; this is because previously, due to the lack of research on this topic, there was an opinion that only men were capable of this kind...
Summary of the Article The paper called “Prisoner in 2019,” written by Carson (2020), is deemed to present the results of the extended analysis of the improvement rates in 2019 compared to the previous data. The researchers are centered on providing solely statistical information, avoiding discussing the reasons for the...
Introduction The Time magazine article “Real People Keep Getting Re-traumatized: The Human Cost of Binge-Watching True Crime Series” by Melissa Chan underscores the popular trend of true crime series often comes with a hidden cost. The article emphasizes the impact on the victims and their families (Chan). The quote that...
Introduction Nowadays, the matter of personal safety is frequently discussed due to frequent shooting incidents that result in the deaths of innocent people. While some massacres go almost unnoticed, receiving little attention, some incidents become forever ingrained into history, displaying atrocities that humans are capable of committing. One such example...
Scene Description and Analysis Scene Description The scene of violence and mayhem is revealed at the crime site, which is an apartment. Upon entry, one is immediately confronted with the extensive presence of blood, especially in the bedroom and bathroom areas. As Berezowski et al. (2020) clarify, this blood distribution...
Introduction The relationship between alcohol and date or acquaintance rape is complex and multifaceted. Alcohol is often a common factor in many cases of sexual assault, particularly in social situations such as parties or dates where individuals may let their guard down. Alcohol can impair judgment, reduce inhibitions, and diminish...
Introduction Within the domain of criminal investigations, the case involving Debbie Flores and Blu Griffith, which transpired on December 12, 2010, in Las Vegas, serves as a disquieting testament to the sinister extremities to which acts of violence can descend. The article titled “3 Chilling Details about Debbie Flores’ Murder,”...
Cases Supporting the “Stop and Frisk” Policy Terry v. Ohio When trying to justify the use of “stop and frisk” procedures to reduce crime in neighborhoods, it is essential to reference relevant legal cases that support the policy. One of the most prominent cases that can be referenced is Terry...
Controversy Surrounding the Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict The “guilty but mentally ill” (GBMI) verdict is controversial for several reasons, which stem from the complex interplay between the legal system and mental health considerations. This verdict allows a jury to acknowledge a defendant’s mental illness while still holding them criminally...
Introduction A wrongful conviction is a thorny issue in the justice system, and if such a precedent occurs, controversial questions regarding the sustainability of the prosecution system are inevitably raised. One example of such a gap is the case of Luis Diaz, who was wrongfully convicted of being the “Bird...
Introduction Most crimes are complex, especially those correlating with harm inflicted upon another person. However, it is critical to highlight the uniquely multifaceted nature of the offense. On the one hand, trafficking encompasses multiple crimes, often including illegal transportation, coercion, deception, exploitation, and forceful recruitment. On the other hand, it...
Abstract The paper focuses on the concept of trace evidence and explains how it is used to solve cases. Since people interact with multiple objects, their tiny particles are attached to individuals and their clothing. Investigation of scientific and academic sources reveals that there are different types of this phenomenon....
Case Overview: Key Facts and Context There are many cases of injustice in human history whose victims deserve to be compensated. The case under consideration focuses on one of the cases of eugenics, which was subsequently defined as malicious and pseudoscience (Galton & Darwin, 2017). In this case, the victims...
Abstract Blood pattern analysis (BPA) examines the characteristics and appearance of bloodstains to pinpoint the underlying physical processes. For an analyst to comprehend the events, bloodstain distribution patterns at the murder scene can be used to recreate an earlier event. It is possible to infer the impact velocity of each...
Introduction Examining bloodstain patterns, which encompass splatters, transfers, and gaps, provides experts with the means to deduce significant information from a crime scene. This type of evidence requires analysts to understand blood patterns and figure out how those patterns were made. In this context, bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) entails the...
Introduction Rising standards of life, life expectancy, and the sheer desire of individuals to enjoy life drive them to choose their residence and its location wisely. For this reason, the gated communities grow in size, meaning that more people prefer to live in secure areas. However, after reading the findings...
Introduction The complicated relationship between genetics and upbringing has long intrigued scholars and legal experts alike. They grapple with the challenging question of how much of a person’s behavior can be foreseen based on their early brain development. This puzzle creates a complex picture that challenges our understanding of human...
Introduction The education sector is one of the most developed spheres in human life, and it is important to continue introducing new techniques to improve student performance worldwide. Gonzalez et al. (2018) stated that restorative justice combines all effective interventions that increase the level of studying outcomes. At the same...
Title and Duration of the TED Talk The title of the selected TED Talk is “How Restorative Justice Could End Mass Incarceration.” In this video, the speaker explores the concept of restorative justice as an alternative to solitary confinement. The TED Talk is almost thirteen minutes long, which allows the...
Introduction A crime scene sketch is a significant visual tool in the cataloging and subsequent analysis of a crime scene. It provides a two-dimensional depiction of the scene, presenting an invaluable reference for investigators, attorneys, judges, and juries during the investigative and judicial processes. While photographs complement the crime scene...
Introduction Kim Kardashian’s podcast, “The Case of Kevin Keith,” is a powerful and intense exploration into the controversial case of a man who has spent more than two decades in prison for a crime that he, and many others, insist he did not commit. Kardashian, well-known for her advocacy for...
Abstract This report details the evidence-gathering process for the murder of 35-year-old female Emily Anderson on June 3, 2023. The report details identifying, collecting, and developing fingerprints at the crime scene. In addition, the report contains information about the difficulties the team encountered in collecting fingerprints at the crime scene....
In the meticulous field of crime scene investigation, the phrase “in as pristine condition as possible” captures the essence of the primary goal of crime scene processing. The crime scene technician operates with an acute awareness that every element of the scene, no matter how minute or seemingly unimportant, could...
Circumstances a First Responder Should Bear in Mind Upon Arrival Immediate Assessment of the Scene Upon arrival at the scene, first responders are faced with a multitude of challenges and responsibilities. First and foremost, they must ensure all persons’ immediate safety. This includes assessing the scene for threats such as...
Introduction Crime investigation is a complex and responsible process that requires the investigator to be thorough and systematic. At the crime scene, the investigator must follow specific steps to collect credible and reliable evidence. Maintaining the integrity of evidence is a crucial aspect of the investigation process, both legally and...
Introduction Jurisdictional decisions have a crucial impact on the activities of the law enforcement system and criminal justice agencies. The distribution of jurisdiction between different agencies is based on different principles and administrative procedures. This distribution defines areas of responsibility during investigations and trials in a particular case. Jurisdictional decisions...
Abstract Forensic science benefits significantly from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) research, and it is necessary to improve methods of its extraction and analysis continuously. With blood DNA samples, it is especially challenging to perform procedures in laboratories, as these samples tend to deteriorate fast without proper conditions and are susceptible to...
Introduction The Menéndez brothers’ case is one of the criminal proceedings that took much time before the perpetrators were brought to justice. Lyle and Erik Menéndez were believed to have been involved in the brutal killing of their parents in their Beverly Hills home. The case’s sensitivity attracted much attention...
Organized crime has been a significant issue of public concern around the globe for many years. One of the widely known criminal organizations is the Cosa Nostra, commonly referred to as the Italian Mafia. This organization, as cited by Acemoglu et al. (2020), traces its origin back to the 19th...
Abstract Law enforcement should keep up with the drug industry’s various dynamics. New illegal drugs are introduced periodically, some of which are hard to recognize. Since manipulative people may file sexual harassment charges against innocent law enforcers, officers may need witnesses or secret video recordings when dealing with opposite-sex informants....
Introduction Studies examining the foundation behind correlations often considered standard by society must have a robust methodology to challenge or support the status quo. The high quality of participant data is a major element of such analyses. For example, picking a sampling technique that represents the whole selected population is...
Introduction All societies have specific moral and ethical teachings developed to help people understand and uphold morality. However, sometimes, people tend to commit crimes and violate those norms. In this regard, many people wonder whether thieves have the same moral convictions and beliefs as other individuals and whether they know...
Social services may be difficult and stressful in criminal and juvenile justice domains. The inclusion of experts from the behavioral sciences in the criminal justice system raised hopes for successful rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the rehabilitative concept has yet to be proven very effective. Social workers frequently feel disoriented and ineffective since...
Introduction The General Strain Theory (GST) explains the causes of criminal or deviant behavior in people. Specifically, juveniles who experience stress at home or school are prone to aggressiveness. However, when addressing deviant behavior among juveniles, it is essential to consider other environmental factors. As described in the case study...
Video Summary In the video Person Attempts to Steal Car from Brampton Driveway with Baby Inside, a man tries to steal a vehicle with a baby inside from a parking area in Brampton, Ontario. The car’s closed doors prevent the thief from opening the vehicle’s doors. The intruder then tries...
Importance of the Prison Classification Process In the field of prison work, several principles are directly related to risks, which is the basis for the need to classify prisons. Some criminals who have been convicted pose different dangers, and in this regard, the importance of prison classification is visible. In...
The Aims of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model A well-studied therapeutic intervention strategy, the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model aims to decrease offenders’ chances of recidivism by meeting their individual needs. In their work on this framework, Bonta and Andrews (2006) outline fundamental elements necessary for successful therapeutic intervention. The Principles of the...
Introduction Halfway houses and correctional facilities are integral to the rehabilitation period for different vulnerable groups. For all the different types of these institutions, they have a common goal, which is to help people with different backgrounds to socialize. These centers are supposed to provide their visitors with access to...
Introduction The term “criminal justice system” is often used in criminal law, policy, and punishment discussions. In everyday usage, almost no one would think to question this phrase. This way of describing the thinking system, prisons, and accusations became popular in the 1960s (Mayeux, 2018). The idea of the criminal...
The deductive method of thinking involves starting with a general statement or assumption and bringing it to a specific conclusion through a series of logical steps. In the context of criminal justice, it plays a critical role in problem-solving and risk management (Guy, 2020). In order to use deductive thinking...
Introduction There have been discussions regarding how women criminals should be handled in the criminal justice system. For instance, the punishment handed to Pieper Lewis as a 15-year-old sexual victim who killed her tormentor has raised an issue on how the incarceration of women who have committed crimes should be...
Introduction As a result of a years-long crisis in the sphere of criminal justice, the cash bail system has been reformed in New York City. It has been criticized for numerous reasons, the main one being that people of color with low incomes were disproportionately affected (Arnaud and Sims-Agbabiaka 19)....
Early release, which means a shorter term, is one of the main advantages of participating in the First Step program. Prisoners who meet the criteria set out in the program and have undergone rehabilitation are entitled to be released from prison before their sentence is completed (Krent, 2021). This release...
Introduction When erroneous and unfair decisions are made during criminal or civil processes, it is easily interpreted as a wrongful conviction or miscarriage of justice has occurred. Detention, incarceration, and even monetary fines imposed on innocent offenders are a few examples. Many people in the American criminal justice system have...
