Introduction Modern societies involve such integrated criminal groups as gangs. They conduct unlawful actions and face problems with governments. Police and special forces conduct constant investigations to reveal as many groups as possible. It is necessary to identify what criminal gangs represent together with their members to understand the consequences...
Introduction Burglary should be viewed as a form of property crime that occurs when a perpetrator uses various unlawful means to enter any building with or without breaking doors and windows. The main goal of burglary is to gain possession of the property (Vito & Maahs, 2020). Discussion In the...
Considering the extent of juvenile crimes and the decrease in productivity in police departments, it is essential to come up with a valuable framework that can help reduce the rate of juvenile delinquency and improve police department productivity. Juvenile crime is a growing problem in many communities, as in Memphis,...
Introduction Memphis city police department provides public safety by forestalling crime, creating partnerships between police and public, and data controlled surveillance. Its staff are highly educated, technically adept, and compassionate about cultural diversity when working with different communities (Memphis Police Department, 2022). The WPD executes its work through administrative, uniform...
Research has always been the method used to pursue information, regardless of the topic. There are times when research leads to breakthroughs in science, technology, or the discovery of new species. However, any investigation design’s validity depends on the results’ reliability. In order to obtain accurate data, it is crucial...
In the twenty-first century, violent acts such as shootings at schools have become commonplace. Many students who opened fire were the targets of social exclusion, bullying, and harassment from their fellow students. Instead, the individual’s psychological experience acts as the catalyst rather than the fact that they conflict with their...
Everybody recalls the same incident in various ways: memorization can be influenced by a person’s emotional involvement, his attitude to what is happening, and moreover, his memory. To study how different people react and remember the same story, it is important to take as an example and analyze this topic...
Richard Ramirez was an American serial killer and rapist who terrorized California in the mid-1980s. He was dubbed the “Night Stalker” by the media and is believed to have killed at least 14 people and sexually assaulted dozens of others (Hall, 2020). Ramirez hid from the police for months, but...
If I possess a personal belief in determinism, it will profoundly affect my views of crime and punishment. Determinism is the philosophical idea that causes predetermines all events and choices outside our control (Prodanović, 2023). In other words, people’s actions are determined by forces beyond themselves, and they lack genuine...
Gould v. North Kitsap Business Park Management court case started in 2009 when the applicant tripped over an unmarked wheel stop in the mall’s parking lot belonging to the defendant (Gould v. North Kitsap, 2016). Suzette Gould, Frontier Back’s former employee, aimed to visit several malls owned by Marshalls to...
Something as complicated as the justice system will have a variety of entities influencing its destiny. To anticipate and prepare for that future, leaders must frequently pinpoint emerging trends, those important worldwide patterns that will impact various sectors. Plans for the criminal justice system must consider how to effectively mitigate...
Introduction For social scientists, determining how to quantify crime is a complicated matter. Without precise data, it is impossible to examine the time and frequency variations of crime rates or determine the effectiveness of policy measures. In light of this, official crime statistics may underreport or overestimate actual rates of...
The criminal justice system would be totally different today if there was no separate system of federal courts. Indeed, the investigation of many crimes would be made more complicated, since federal courts deal with crimes committed across the states or that take place at a national level (Neubauer & Fradella,...
Introduction I agree that sleepwalking should be a valid defense for a murder case. People who suffer from sleepwalking tend to perform complex activities while still asleep. The actions happen during deep sleep and they are not intentional. The somnambulism defense has been used in a court of law to...
Introduction In the scenario described, Paul’s actions could potentially be classified as first-degree murder. First-degree murder is defined as the “intentional killing of another person by someone who has acted willfully, deliberately, or with planning” (Cornell Law School, 2022, para. 1). The purpose of this paper is to provide the...
Pretrial Services in Franklin County Franklin County pretrial services have become an integral part of the justice system. This is due to the fact that the right to due process is fundamental to a dedication to freedom and justice (“Transforming the System”). All United States citizens are guaranteed the right...
The three major types of research design include quasi-experimental, non-experimental, and experimental formats. The former is similar to the experimental design, but the researcher does not have complete control over the assignment of subjects to the experimental or control group (Maxfield, 2015). Quasi-experimental designs are often used in field settings...
Introduction The criminal justice system is made up of various institutions, judiciary, and police, that ensure drug abuse is reduced and punishable. Increased tolerance, corruption, and ineffective mechanisms are the major challenges facing the criminal justice system’s efforts in curbing drug and substance use. However, the system can take advantage...
On February 26, 2012, Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African American, was shot and killed by a neighborhood watch volunteer, George Zimmerman, in one of Florida’s gated communities. Zimmerman claimed that he shot Martin while defending himself and was ultimately acquitted of manslaughter and second-degree murder charges. The question of whether...
Summary of the Study The Purpose of the Study The purpose of the reviewed article is to analyze and identify the reasons for the racial discrepancy in the arrests of drug traffickers. The study uses data analysis from two sources, the first being the current National Survey of Drug Use....
Based on the readings, it is evident that the development of technology has played a critical role in not only complicating the execution of crimes but also in resolving crime mysteries. After undertaking the module, one thing that stood out is that technology has provided mechanisms that have made it...
Introduction Billy the Kid is a prominent example of a famous outlaw. He was born in New York City in 1859 and spent his early years in Indiana and Kansas (Etulain 4). At a young age, he became involved in criminal activity and developed a reputation as a troublemaker. Discussion...
The intersectional approach has drawn significant scholarly attention and has been used in various fields, including criminology. This viewpoint emphasizes the need to work toward structural changes to advance social justice and equity and the interconnectedness of oppressive institutions. Racial differences exist within the health communities and at the intersection...
Introduction Crime is a very complicated phenomenon that cannot be adequately explained by a single theory or theoretical framework. It is an unlawful act that is punishable by law. Theft, robbery, sexual assault, and manslaughter are examples of crimes done against humanity. When describing the reasons for each of these...
Introduction The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a U.S. federal criminal justice agency, while the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is an international law enforcement agency. The FBI is an intelligence-driven and threat-based national security agency and the primary investigative arm of the United States Justice department. Additionally, it...
Police brutality in the US is an issue of rising concern because of the severity and highly prevalent instances of newly reported cases. Although hate crime policies in the US seek to abolish the mistreatment of others based on their identity and personal features, the current regulations are deeply flawed...
Introduction The criminal justice system is a complex process that includes three main parts. These are the police, the courts, and the corrections, which in turn have many subchapters and different aspects. Each of these parts has its own characteristics depending on the crime, offender, state, legal framework, etc. However,...
Introduction Criminal profiling, also widely recognized as perpetrator prefoliation, is a method that uses up-to-date knowledge of crimes and crime scenes to create psychological depictions of the perpetrator or victim. It is referred to as the third wave of police prosecutions that characterizes the criminal mind. According to Flinders et...
The police department in Port St. Lucie is asking the public for assistance in locating two house burglary suspects. A man who appears to be wearing a blue labor uniform short-sleeved shirt knocked on the front door of a property in Port St Lucie along Quay Street on Monday in...
Introduction Culture is a set of unspoken rules and principles of behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions in a particular society. In this regard, the relevant cultural values ​​of a certain community can be associated with delinquency and crime if these values ​​are based on distorted notions of interaction between people. Discussion...
As a correctional officer, Harry has issues handling George, an inmate. Harry feels that George is intentionally challenging his authority leading to bad blood between them. Harry encounters an ethical dilemma as he tries to punish George. He is torn between either using an informal process or maintaining a formal...
It is important to note that footprint and firearm evidence can be highly useful in identifying and narrowing the pool of suspects. In the case of the former, footwear leaves an impression, which needs to be photographed and cast procedurally in order to ensure its future use for examinations. Firearms...
Shoes and various types of footwear are crucial evidence. They may be soiled with dust, mud, debris, plants, or blood. In addition to the availability of trace evidence, footwear is valuable for comparing pattern impressions (Fisher & Fisher, 2022). Shoes should be wrapped separately in paper bags to prevent cross-contamination...
A pre-trial hearing is often scheduled after an accused’s first arraignment in court. A pre-trial hearing is intended to resolve and clarify any concerns before to court case such that it runs swiftly when held. In essence, pre-trial proceedings allow the parties to share relevant information and assess the case....
Among the many social issues, crime tops the list due to its impact on society, which calls for understanding its motives. That means that crime against people, communities, and institutions at the societal level also affects society. These effects are mainly financial and outcome from spending on forestalling crime, impacts...
In forensics, various instrumental fabric and fiber analysis methods allow the identification of perpetrators and victims, making assumptions about the crimes committed. This essay discussed a case scenario in which a suspected sexual assault victim was apprehended by law enforcement. The victim’s green sweater, made from a blend of cotton...
Victim blaming is a devaluing act that occurs when the victim of a crime or an accident is held responsible in whole or part for the crimes committed against them. This blame can appear in the form of negative social responses from legal, medical, and mental health professionals, as well...
Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2019 Counties/principal cities Population Burglary 6,235,390 Includes the Metropolitan Divisions of Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Sunrise, Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, and West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach City of Miami 480,505 1,771 City of Fort Lauderdale 184,765 1,275 City of Pompano Beach 113,536 661 City of...
The personal statement is valuable when enrolling in any course, as it provides an opportunity to realize several aspects at once. Firstly, it helps to determine the issues, topics, and methodologies that are of the most significant interest to the future participant. Moreover, it contributes to the formation of short...
Introduction Looking at the computer desk picture which forms part of the evidence for this case about piracy, there are two computer systems connected that are placed on the desk. Further, on top of the table are flash disks disk, microphones, and speakers. Additionally, one of the screens seems to...
Introduction Effective use of statistics published in government reports is a basic media necessity that is often neglected. In an attempt to attract the reader’s attention with sensational stories, writers may resort to only partial use of data or rephrase conclusions in a way that changes the perception of the...
Fargo, the city in North Dakota, has experienced an increased rate of crimes in the past several years. The police and investigators try to discover the factors that cause such a problem and find ways to solve it. The reports show that the overall crime rate has increased by 16%...
The data-driven decisions contribute to better usage of the statistics and experiences from different resources to uncover the patterns of criminal behaviour. By using such an approach, many dangerous problems having similar tendencies can be efficiently dealt with or even prevented. One significant positive aspect of data-driven criminal justice decisions...
Introduction After years of police misconduct across North America, the once-positive reputation of police officers has taken a severe hit. Unfortunately, the very people whose job was to “serve and protect” us from the world’s evils and bring us harmony have become the object of our anxiety instead (Ouellet et...
Description of the Selected Program The criminal justice program selected is the Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (SAFPF) Program in Texas. SAFPF provides services to qualified inmates identified with the need for substance use treatment. It is a part of the state’s Substance Abuse Treatment Program (SATPF), run by the...
Criminological ideas help to explain the frequently unfathomable and to analyze the cruelty, oppression, or even evil some humans inflict on others. Choice theories, which include rational choice, routine activities, general deterrence, particular deterrence, and incapacitation theories, imply that criminals carefully consider whether to do unlawful acts (Thomas et al.,...
Introduction Qualitative research aims to understand concepts, thoughts, and feelings through the research’s expression in written works. This research provides in-depth insights into various problems that are not entirely understood. The process of collecting data and making sense of it can be done in a variety of ways. This essay...
It has always been argued that criminals across the world should get a harsh punishment for their illegal actions to prevent further cases and reduce the amount of resources spent. However, the two parties state different opinions and provide unique facts that do not allow law representatives to change the...
Introduction Property crimes are criminal activities where properties are the main target of offenders. According to Santon (2017), these crimes tend to have a similar crime pattern analysis such as commercial burglary, auto theft, and residential burglary. In this case, the crime presented of four commercial arsons occurring throughout the...
Introduction Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice by Matthew B. Robinson offers a challenging analysis of American criminal justice to enact substantive change in our judicial and political systems. Matthew B. Robinson teaches as an associate professor at Appalachian State University’s (ASU) Department of Political Science and...
Introduction In order to become a Private Investigator, it is necessary to possess a higher education degree and obtain a license in the area of practice (Criminal justice jobs: Careers you can pursue with a criminal justice degree). In addition, other minimal requirements regarding citizenship, age, conviction status, or other...
Introduction Administrators and managers play a significant role in organizational success. The managers are involved in controlling the routine organizational activities. Moreover, they are involved in devising strategies that help the organization remain competitive in the particular industry. Corporations have policies and rules that give the managers authority that should...
Introduction The American society is described as civilized, aiming to maintain peace for economic and social developments. Consequently, Americans abhor social vices that cause harm to an individual and the public at large. The U.S. criminal justice system is designed to enforce laws, ensure public safety, and deliver justice to...
Problem Statement Excessive and unnecessary use of force is common in the American criminal justice system. Many police officers make arbitrary arrests and offend people with trumped-up charges. Moreover, the use of discretionary is believed to be another cause of excessive and unnecessary use of force by police officers. However,...
Introduction Stalking is a pressing social disorder in modern society. Prior to the passage of stalking laws, police officers were sometimes unable to arrest except if there was proof of physical contact, such as an attack (Taylor-Dunn et al., 2021). Presently, stalking is assumed to be a type of cyberstalking...
Workplace violence is a common incident reported across all sectors worldwide. The violence occurs in different forms, where the involved parties may be co-workers or employees and their supervisors or managers. Equally, the degree of workplace violence depends on the perpetrators as well as the victim and their level of...
Task 1. Assemble the collected data. Key concept or descriptor (1) Citation or Reference (2) Main Ideas (3) Data Quality (4) Taken from maps and bibliographic entry card Taken from maps and bibliographic entry card Taken from maps and bibliographic entry card Do data meet quality standards? Abu, N., &...
Introduction The programs that are successful at reducing recidivism are those that provide support and resources to probationers after they are released from custody. These programs help probationers find employment, housing, and other necessary services to reintegrate into society. They also provide support and supervision to help probationers stay on...
The persistence of inequality in the exposure to crime in society today is a critical issue in understanding increased crime rates within different neighbourhoods. In understanding crime today, it is crucial to know how some factors, like inequality, contribute to exposure to crime. How a particular society is organized and...
The peculiarity of using the scientific method in forensic science is the impossibility of applying it to past events. It is impossible to use experiment, observation, deduction, and prediction, among the characteristics of the traditional scientific method (Saferstein & Roy, 2020). In other words, forensic science uses a slightly modified...
Introduction The amount of bail depends on the severity of the crime. Scott-Hayward and Fradella (2019) note that bail for offenses classified as felonies is five to ten times the bail required for misdemeanors. Thus, the amount of bail increases when the crime is more severe and dangerous. I support...
Introduction to Criminal Justice There are certain challenges in the field of criminal justice. It is considered dangerous: studies show injury rates of 284,6 nonfatal injuries per 10,000 criminal investigators (Witt, Bunn, and Slavova, 2019). Another challenge is connected with a lack of problem-solving skills. Although detective workloads decreased as...
The efficacy of rehabilitation centers and programs is highly debated by scholars, policymakers, and implementers. Usually, rehabilitation seeks to help individuals fight addiction or other unacceptable behavior in society. It involves the use of recreation, work, and education to transform people of all ages, making them independent of their social...
Victims of Interpersonal Violence Interpersonal violence is one of the most spread problems in many societies, and it can be categorized into specific groups. For example, according to Catalano (2013), sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault are the most common types of violence from boyfriends, girlfriends, or spouses. Moreover, more...
In the context of Criminal law, there are two major categories of crime; specific and General intent crimes. Intent crimes are the connection between the physical act of committing the crime and the defendant’s state of mind when committing the crime during prosecution. In a specific intent crime, the prosecutor...
Introduction Over the years, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology has been instrumental in solving different crimes globally. However, retrieving the DNA samples of accused persons with no criminal charges has increasingly become controversial in the United States. On one side, the proponents argue that arrestee DNA collection can avert and address...
Many of us have probably encountered the terms “criminal signature” and “modus operandi” in the news or detective stories. Few people know, however, that the two terms are not identical. Although both terms describe criminal acts, each has its distinctive characteristics. Each crime has its distinctive way of acting and...
Kennedy was found guilty and given capital punishment for sexually assaulting his stepdaughter, who was eight years old. However, the Supreme Court ruled that all such regulations where a person was victimized but no killing was committed went against the general understanding of the country (Levick, 2019). Additionally, the death...
The concept of crime has always been condemned in society within any time period and culture for understandable reasons. Representing depravity and violence, criminals are typically represented in a highly adverse light, ranging from being seen as the embodiment of violence to the epitome of depravity. However, the general audience...
The O.J. Simpson case is one of the most publicized legal criminal trials, which is evident as the events of the proceedings have highlighted multiple aspects correlating with the US jurisdiction. Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman were found stabbed to death, and most of the evidence was pointed...
The primary role of the bystander effect in the Kitty Genovese case, where witnesses watched the occurrence of the attack, has been to illuminate anti-crime actions. These witnesses relied on other people to intervene and at least call the police but did not interfere with the crime. As a result,...
Introduction The two main forms of crime are violent crime and nonviolent crime. In contrast to nonviolent crimes like fraud, embezzlement, possession, and others, violent crimes include assault, homicide, armed robbery, and other comparable offenses. Nonviolent and violent crimes have a partial correlation and are not always mutually exclusive. People...
Introduction Correction facilities face many challenges that inhibit their efficiency in service delivery. The Main County Jail faces various challenges that have resulted in poor quality of life for the inmates and employees. Some of these critical issues that this facility deals with comprise a shortage of personnel, inadequate funds,...
Introduction The challenge of reoffending, commonly known as recidivism, is critical to many prison systems or rehabilitation centers. Globally, prison departments have come up with different programs to facilitate the successful rehabilitation of offenders and ensure their smooth transition back into their societies. According to Byrne (2020), prioritizing BOP programs...
Introduction The use of force within the Main County Corrections Department can be regulated through sufficient training of the officers and other officials on the appropriate use of force. Adequate training is vital for influencing judgment and preventing excessive use of force (Koedijk et al., 2019). Additionally, improvement in surveillance...
The prison system is a framework in which individuals are confined and punished for their crimes. However, it is inevitable that barriers are established when it comes to releasing said individuals and giving them tools that will assist them in having a law-abiding approach to income, interpersonal relationships, and interactions...
Introduction Crime rates are not uniformly distributed in the United States, and the overall rate of all crime is still high. For Atlanta, there has been a decrease in the frequency of crime, but homicide, burglary, and assault show an upward trend. The study needs to determine what factors contribute...
The book The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil talks about the famous Stanford Prison Experiment and the system that contribute to it. Zimbardo uses the triangular theory and discusses the interplay between situational, dispositional and system factors that contributed to such events. In his analysis of the experiment...
Introduction The crime scene presents an element of significant importance because of the amount of physical evidence it contains and its dynamic environment. Many important points should be considered by the first officer at the crime scene. Furthermore, understanding the basics of processing a crime scene in the correct completion...
The purpose of any theory of crime is to analyze criminal behavior and identify the factors that contribute to it. Every theory explains where criminal activity occurs, why it occurs, and how it occurs. One can work toward reducing the amount of crime that occurs or rehabilitating offenders by first...
The flash mob mentality is a 21st-century phenomenon that is fueled by technology. A flash mob is a collection of people who are typically strangers to one another, who spontaneously gather in a public area, do a unique or noteworthy act following prearranged instructions, and then scatter. Instructions for flash...
Glass that has been broken or shattered and was discovered at a crime scene is significant forensic evidence. Each common type of glass, including glass from windows, lamps, headlights, and bottles, has distinct characteristics which should be examined differently. Glass that was broken by a hard impact can readily get...
Written Background Charles Milles Maddox, more infamously known as Charles Manson, the founder of the murderous cult “The Family,” was born on November 12, 1934. Little Charles never saw his swindler of a father since Walker Scott disappeared right after Kathleen, Charles’ mother, told him about her pregnancy. Walker only...
Introduction Latent trait theory argues that people have underlying conditions at birth and after controlling behavior, which leads to suspect characteristics like impulsivity, low IQ, and personality structure. Specifically, it argues that some individuals have unique features that enhance their need to commit a crime. However, parents can control their...
Introduction Criminal activity is an important and persistent problem for society. In places where many individuals co-exist, the actions of a few individuals may have devastating effects on others. To minimize the potential impact of crime, as well as prevent more crime from occurring, the field of forensic science has...
The theories of crime are consistent with the assumption of differential outcomes about diverse offending pathways. Trajectory theory supports that society consists of both lawbreakers and law-abiding persons. According to the theory, unique reasons and life situations result in people committing crimes. I agree with the trajectory theory that there...
Introduction The theoretical framework integrates interdisciplinary notions and theories that illustrate how unfavorable interactions between staff and work environments may contribute to their intention to commit abusive protective behaviors. According to strain theories, some strains or pressures enhance the chance of crime. These tensions cause unpleasant feelings like frustration and...
“Truth and Method in Southern Criminology” is an article that elaborates on the topic of ethics and methodology in the area of criminal justice. In particular, it addresses “ethical conduct in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding in human relations” among criminological workers of the Global North and Global South...
Introduction This article provides information about the criminal, Mohammad Abdulazeez, and the feedback from his acquaintances, friends, and teachers. This information will help to make a description of the character of the criminal. According to this article, the criminal who killed four people was twenty-four years old man. Discussion He...
Introduction It is important to note that white-collar crime is as destructive and damaging as any other form of criminal activity. However, its treatment and public perception are less visceral and emotional due to its inherent racial and socioeconomic elements. White-collar crime is persecuted, sentenced, and perceived less harshly because...
Restorative law is a system that focuses on reconciling offenders and the community through rehabilitation in criminal justice. It responds to the culprit’s behavior that anchors on the restitution of lawbreakers and issues to resolve arising crimes that help bring the victims together in the society and restore harmony. Its...
The nomothetic research is more complicated to apply within the practical criminal justice analysis scope. It mainly requires experiment design allowing to compare the variables in similar conditions (Bachman & Schutt, 2017). At the same time, criminal justice researchers can use the ideographic explanations of causality more frequently because it...
Introduction When speaking about causal relationships, many people see them simply as a sequence of events in which the final results are directly from the previous. This explanation is referred to as idiographic, or qualitative, apparently because it only includes descriptive data (Bachmann & Schutt, 2017). Due to the lack...
Patterns of Campus Theft Mirroring Wolfgang and Amir’s approaches concerning victimology, I would start by looking at the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. By looking at the interaction between the two parties, it becomes easier to know the reason why the offender decide to steal. It could also...
Introduction Development criminology refers to the study of criminal behaviors and the factors that lead people to participate or exhibit such characteristics at various times or ages in their lifetime. The majority of criminologists who focus on the field possess an academic background in psychology, sociology, or social work. Since...
There exist several differences in the two states’ programs and their crime report rates. First, Massachusetts and Texas classify crimes with a varying degree of particularity – Texas’ report reflects types of offences that are not seen in the numbers provided by Massachusetts law enforcement. For example, such offences as...
Contemporary schools of criminology demonstrate the evolution of the Canadian justice system under the influence of factors discussed in the paper. The new deviancy theory emerged in the 1960s in response to the inefficiency of the positivist school and the development of the counter-culture criticizing functionalism (Pavlich, 2001). Russel Sandych...
Introduction This scientific paper aims to examine the Foucauldian perspective and the relationship of this concept with the phenomenon of power, its implications, racial bias, and its impact on criminology. Foucault’s influence on the understanding of power goes beyond the assessment of players who use authority as a mechanism of...
Introduction Criminology is a social science that considers crime a social phenomenon and has theories that interpret the emergence of crime and its punishment in different ways. It means that in criminology, there are theories based on a different understanding of the nature of crime and the causes of its...
Introduction While conducting research, it is essential to avoid any confusion regarding its concept. For this purpose, researchers indulge in conceptualization and operationalization, identifying the exact definition of the research subject and its variables (Schutt & Bachman, 2010). For example, the operational definition of the word assault can and should...
Introduction From a personal perspective, a dictionary definition of any term presents its generalized meaning. In turn, an operationalized definition is the term’s thorough description that helps to perceive the characteristics and predictors of a particular phenomenon to differentiate it from similar ones. According to a dictionary definition, assault is...
Introduction Life-course theory, commonly known as the life course perspective, was founded by Glen Elder over six decades ago in his efforts to explore the world of crimes. It was not approved formally until the 1990s when rapid economic and population changes took place (Robert, 2018). These variations intensified the...
