Introduction The Headingley Correctional Centre experienced one of the worst inmate unrest in history. On April 25, 1996, a riot occurred after a scuffle between the correctional officers (COs) and some prisoners in the facility’s basement (Williamson, 2017). Despite law enforcement’s efforts to contain the unrest, it lasted for nearly...
A criminal justice plan is an approach to law implementation that involves arresting, arraigning, defending, and sentencing the lawbreakers. Japan has five distinctive courts, summary, district, family, high court, and supreme tribunals. The legal system formulation embarks on law enforcement, promoting integrity to the complainants and guaranteeing public safety. A...
Introduction The topic of gun control has been ingrained in American society and its political debates. In the recent years following the new administration of President Joe Biden, the arguments over gun control have waxed and waned. In the United States of America, gun ownership is controlled by a number...
Abstract Drug trafficking is the global illegal or illicit trade in which individuals cultivate, manufacture, transport, distribute and sell non-medicinal substances subjected to drug prohibited laws. On the other hand, money laundering is the illicit process of converting huge amounts of money earned from illegal or criminal activities such as...
Crimes are unlawful actions that affect everyone in society. These activities are conducted at different levels, and while they are disadvantageous and harmful to individuals and businesses, some people end up benefiting from this practice. Part of the crime beneficiaries are the crime control industry stakeholders. These individuals or business...
Prison as a social institution is an ambiguous phenomenon for society. On the one hand, this is a place for punishment of criminals, which is associated with danger and negativity. On the other hand, it is an element of influencing society in such a way that the guilty citizens get...
Introduction Gangs have become the way of life in Chicago, causing fear in the city. Chicago has been recognized as one of the most segregated cities in the United States. Due to solid gang culture, murder rates and street violence continue to increase every day in Chicago. Gangs even recruit...
Introduction A significant part of the work of an employee of the authorities is documentation. Thus, it is very important for them to have the necessary writing skills to be able to provide multiple but informative reports on any events. The information should contain the main provisions of the incident...
The empirical study by Plumm et al. (2010) had an objective to identify the extent to which extra-legal characteristics contributed to the juryâs victim-blaming. To meet the objective, the authors conducted two jury simulation studies. In Study One, the jury members were grouped according to their level of homophobia, whereas...
Introduction The subject of gun control is a thoughtful topic of discussion for a long period. Guns give the impression that it has a strange authority over people: passion takes over the mind most of the time. The theme of gun control including the push for severer laws within the...
Introduction I agree with the author that the state’s response has resulted in an overcriminalization of domestic violence cases. In the criminal justice system, an increasing number of jurisdictions have implemented several discretion-less regulations, such as mandatory arrests in domestic abuse situations. It also contains no-drop prosecutions, which force a...
The criminal justice system in the United States tends to express discrimination and disparities toward minority populations. While racial discrimination in the criminal justice system of the United States is frequently discussed in modern society, many people are not familiar with racial disparities in the system. Comparing discrimination against minority...
Introduction Punishment for a committed crime is always a complicated question, which is why there is a wide variety of viewpoints regarding the punishment itself. There are two main mutually exclusive perspectives regarding a committed crime. The utilitarian theory of punishment seems more reasonable because it can prevent wrongdoing instead...
Introduction Victimization is the process of acquiring victimhood, or, in other words, the procedure of turning a person into a victim and its consequences. One of the vivid examples of this kind of âtransformationâ and victimization, in general, is human trafficking to exploit prostitution and provide private services outside the...
Domestic violence is a complicated issue that has to be resolved on the social, cultural, and legal levels. I agree with Prof. Epstein’s opinion that government intervention might not always be the appropriate strategy to fix the problem. As Epstein (1999, p. 132) puts it, “overcriminalization” places domestic violence on...
Elements of the Offence Aggravated assault is an unlawful act, which implies an individualâs or a groupâs intent to inflict harm or cause aggravated injury to another person or several people. The 2022 edition of Martinâs Annual Criminal Code defines aggravated assault as a criminal offense, indicating its elements, defense,...
The United Kingdom follows both common law and civil laws in applying its jurisdiction. The common law system is based on judicial precedent, where key decisions made by the courts are used as precedent in future cases. Common laws can also be created through the legislation process, where bills are...
Facts Gender violence has been a central aspect of the U.S. criminal justice department. In a recent issue, Brenner (2022) records a strong move to strengthen the violence against women act. One key fact of this case is that it is a constitutional right to protect women from gender-based violence....
Introduction An essential task for the criminal justice system is to grant the rights of the appellant and the victim equally. This is achieved by providing the victim with a limited role that contributes to the realization of fair treatment for both the offender and the victim. In capital trials,...
Arrest Essentials of Arrest in English and Welsh Law The sources of criminal procedural law in England and Wales are, first of all, legislative acts, which for the most part, simultaneously regulate the issues of the judiciary. The criminal process is what happens in court. But today, there is a...
Introduction The government created the criminal justice system to punish undesirable conduct in individuals and compensate or reimburse the affected victims by ensuring the perpetrators are exiled from society. It utilizes law enforcement, the courts, and correctional facilities to achieve this goal (Myers). In recent years, there has been increased...
The criminal justice system has a wide variety of functions in distinct fields of implementation. The justice system evaluates crime, measures its rates, develops laws, assesses deviant behavior, and provides law enforcement, courts, and corrections (Burke et al., 2019). As modern technology develops and society undergoes significant changes, the criminal...
Introduction Researchers have spent a lot of time looking at the origins and effects of racial differences in criminal justice procedures, as well as the extent to which these discrepancies are due to discrimination or different rates of crime. Studies of victimization and offending patterns, as well as societal factors...
Introduction There are multiple theories applicable to the study of delinquency in general and juvenile delinquency in particular. Although they all aim to answer roughly the same question of how delinquent behaviors emerge for the first time and which factors contribute to their continuation, the approaches and focuses differ. One...
Community-oriented policing is the partnership of law enforcement and the communities in identifying and resolving societal issues. It was initially intended to minimize crime and fear of crime by employing the same officer in the same locality for an extended time (Carter & Fox, 2019). It was thought that for...
One of the crime prevention tactics is deterrence â the idea that the threat of punishment can stop one from breaking the law. According to Bates and Swan (2021), the concept of deterrence arises from utilitarianism. People try to maximize their happiness, and the role of the government is to...
Restorative justice is an approach to re-establishing the balance between the primary stakeholders of a committed crime in the form of dialogue. This approach aims at healing rather than punishment, including the discussion of the offenderâs accountability and respect for all participants. The current restorative justice programs for juvenile offenders...
Introduction The case Marbury v. Madison originated in 1801 and was decided in 1803 by four judges. It was one of the most important cases in American law history since it introduced the power of judicial review. Judicial review nowadays represents the power of the federal judiciary to review and...
Introduction Millions of people in the United States are incarcerated due to a wide range of laws and procedures. Although there has been no evidence against them, those who have faced charges could face longer prison or jail sentences if convicted. The “War on Crime” resulted in these laws and...
Introduction When a juvenile is arrested for delinquency, he or she must be informed of their legal rights as soon as possible. It is important to note that the Attorney General (US Attorney) will be informed (Kratcoski, 2020). The juvenile’s parents, guardian, or custodian must be advised of their arrest,...
Summary As the incarceration rate is too high, partly due to a minimum prison threshold and excessively long sentences, some states and Congress introduced several bills to reform the current order. None of the federal legislative initiatives had yet become law. Death sentences continue to be imposed in 31 states,...
Introduction Gideon v. Wainwright was a landmark case in the history of the United States Supreme Court. The case commenced in 1961 when Clarence Earl Gideon was accused of burglary from the pool hall in Panama City, Florida. Gideon claimed that he could not afford a lawyer during the first...
It is already known that corruption, as a social phenomenon, carries a real threat to the safety of any state. Nevertheless, traditional criminology for a long time ignored the problem of crimes related to the higher ranks of society. The first approach to understanding such crimes is connected to Edwin...
In the modern world, there is an acute problem of youth gangs and violence associated with their activities. The socio-psychological specificity of the criminal group of minors is that it is the factor that forms antisocial views and needs in adolescents, contributes to the awareness of the strength of the...
Introduction The prison population and facilities in the United States have been increasing over the past decades. The rise in the prison population is attributed to changes in the political system regarding the way sentences are executed. In 1960, there was a rise in crime, and this resulted to increased...
An Introduction Put simply, juvenile justice is concerned with children and youngsters who are younger than a particular age (most commonly, 18). From the perspective of our society, underage offenders are more vulnerable than adult ones and have specific needs. As a result, they require additional protections, which is why...
In 1949 Virgil D. Hawkins, a thirty-nine-year-old black male, applied for admission to the University of Florida College of Law. His application, as well as five other Black applicants, was rejected due to his racial origin, and Hawkins applied to the Supreme Court of Florida to appeal the decision (Paulson...
A traffic stop, search, and seizure refers to the legal act of stopping an automobile, searching it, and seizing contraband or any material that is considered as evidence. This process does not require a warrant under certain conditions, even though the constitution protects citizens from unlawful stops and searches. According...
Introduction The criminal justice organizations, which include the prosecution, police, courts, and correctional facilities, are complex public entities. In order to arrive at a prosecutorial decision, these establishments use risk-assessment techniques, classifications, case-management procedures in courts, and basic-data analysis methods (Stojkovic et al., 2015). The juvenile justice system is comprised...
Abstract Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, sheltering, and receptor of human beings for the purpose of exploitation through involuntary servitude. More than 1,000,000 people, including men, women, and children are trafficked every year. There are three main types of human trafficking, namely sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and...
Abstract Parole and probation are types of sentencing that are used in the United States. Parole involves the release of an offender before serving their full sentence in jail. On the other hand, probation is an alternative to a jail sentence that involves the supervision of an offender for a...
The drug abuse and addiction suspect refusing to answer any papers by the state, resulting in imprisonment for two years with the possibility of rehabilitation, raises two primary concerns. First, the refusal to answer any inquiries by the state touches on the applicability and relevance of the constitutionally guaranteed right...
Introduction One of the main elements of criminal justice is law enforcement. Law enforcement is carried out through policing. In the United States, police officers hold the primary responsibility of providing security by carrying out patrols. The main roles of police officers in the United States include carrying out investigations,...
Introduction The rate of juvenile delinquency is on the rise in the contemporary society. In 2008, over 6,318 youths aged between 10 and 17 were arrested for different offenses (Apel & Kaukinen, 2008). In 2009, the juvenile courts in the United States arbitrated at least 1.5 million felonies that involved...
The UK criminal justice system is shared between England and Wales. In the system, a criminal case is tried based on a document called indictment where the defendant is indicted on criminal charges by the prosecutor. The prosecutor does this on behalf of the Crown and after the police are...
Introduction Modern criminal trials in the United States comprise established legal procedures that have been evolving for centuries. Any criminal procedure complies with the set of rules that dictate how proceedings are organized. It is through these rules that the government enforces substantive criminal law. The types of misconduct that...
Abstract A proposal was developed from a case scenario based on statistics from the US Justice Department in 2003, which reflected the racial disparities in arrests and incarceration of African Americans relative to their White counterparts and other races in the US. As figures used in the study demonstrate, racial...
The practice within the judicial system to incorporate the jury in criminal cases alongside the judge has a noble purpose in the administration of justice. The jury has a composition of vetted members of the public in the court of law to look into the facts in the criminal case...
The definition of organized crime is dependent on the investigator. This definition is supposed to match that of the agency, jurisdiction or state. A proper definition helps in the formulation of solutions for problems that occur during an investigation. This paper looks at the definition of organized crime according to...
Introduction Like in the police force, change is a recurring component that shapes most organizations. The changes that occur in most organizations are driven by change in technology, economy, political structures and legal and social issues. During the change process, an organization undergoes through various challenges such as lack of...
Five steps are involved in the grievance process. To begin with, a member is expected to present his or her grievance to his or her immediate supervisor within five days since the event that gave rise to the occurrence of the grievance first took place. The notification given is supposed...
The US is the most diverse country in the world; itâs population consists of different people in terms of race, culture and ethnicity. Despite this composition, the US remains with high levels of racial inequality. This is because of the economic standards and long history of hatred between American citizens...
Introduction Drug abuse has become not only a regional issue. Rather, the whole world is crying foul over the devastating effects of drug abuse. Drug trafficking barons have always found themselves on the negative side of the law due to their involvement in the drug trade (Bagley, 2005). Drug abuse...
Introduction As law enforcers, police exercise their authority to ensure that people do not go against legal laws and procedures. Police officers are authorized to use discretion whereby they make decisions on particular violations. Discretion is the ability of a police officer to make decisions or judgments regarding an offense....
Introduction Definition Sex offender refers to a person convicted of crime or crimes involving sex which can also be rape, sexual molestation, sexual contact, sexual harassment, and unlawful pornography production and distribution. In some cases depending on culture and legal jurisdiction, consented sexual contact or activity between adults of the...
Introduction The case is focused on John Doe, a person that has committed a felony and was caught because of shoplifting. The problem is that he has started to make incriminating statements during the time of the arrest. Several sources were consulted to get a better understanding of the case....
Introduction One of the most significant aspects of crime investigation is getting hold of evidence through search of individuals and residence, and the seizure of things. Simultaneously, the law does not permit access to private properties illegally or without warrant. In a democratically governed state, the constitution protects the citizens...
Abstract Crimes committed against children have become the order of the day in the recent past. A wide range of child abuse practices is committed in all countries across the globe. The whole experience of child abuse leaves painful memories in the minds of the victims and their families (Briere,...
Policing is a crucial function of any governmental system which determines how law and order is observed. It is estimated that there are more than 18,760 independent police organizations in the US with an estimated 1 million employees. The federal government contributes about 15% of the money used to run...
Introduction The current era is one where the average number of crimes being committed is relatively high compared to the past years. The increase in the number of crime cases has forced law makers to review laws and make tougher ones, as well as increase penalties imposed for various crimes....
Introduction The concept âboot campâ denotes a military training center that aims at disciplining and enforcing orders individuals who commit any form of crime (Christopher et al, 2013). Research has shown that boot camps have largely been used as a political tool by numerous governments to crack down crimes committed...
Criminal justice is one of the major areas of government expenditure in any given country in the contemporary world. This study concentrates on the system of criminal justice in the United States of America as it has the best system of study in the world. Crime trends have been in...
Identity theft is becoming a very rampant problem in the modern world. Advances in technology are behind the increase in the number of identity theft incidents. The aim of this paper is to explore the issues surrounding identity theft in order to recommend the ways of stopping the crime. Defining...
Introduction Criminal activities are increasingly becoming prevalent in various communities with the majority being affected. Because of its wide-ranging effects on communities, crime has become a major topic of political and academic discussion in recent years. It is a major public concern since it poses severe social and economic implications....
The Office of the Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention in the year 2009 released a report detailing juvenile arrest information for the year 2008 (Puzzanchera, 2009). This report based its findings on the latest data from the US Federal Bureau of Investigationâs yearly report. In general, the report reviews US juvenile...
Definition of Terms Search A search is any lawful action by a law enforcement officer aimed at obtaining or recovering evidence of crime from a potential suspect (Walkman and Goodman 2010). There are two forms of searches: one with a warrant and another without a warrant. The former refers to...
Introduction Ethical issues in police departments have become a major topic for discussion with regard to the police force as a law enforcement department of the government and society as a whole. Ethics as a branch of philosophy tends to be concerned with moral issues of right and wrong that...
Overall decrease in juvenile arrests Puzzanchera (2009) indicates that juvenile arrests in 2008 decreased by 3% compared to arrests in 2007. Moreover, there was a 2% decrease in juvenile arrests related to violent crimes over the same period. It is pertinent to note that in 2005 and 2006, arrests for...
Introduction Drug courts refer to specialized types of courts that deal with cases of nonviolent offenders who have been incarcerated for having abused drugs (Franco, 2011). Before an offender gets enrolled in a drug court program, he/she must undergo a drug test and rigorous supervision by court officials in order...
Introduction Money laundering has become a common phenomenon in nearly all the countries in the world. Money laundering is an action that involves moving money through a couple of nations with the objective of obscuring its origins (Hopton 27). Money laundering can be regarded as an act of making that...
Introduction The right to own guns is a very complicated and grave matter. Nevertheless, arms are quite factually a matter of life and death. America has a very serious problem of arms, with rates of gun associated accidents, murders, violence and suicide far beyond those of industrialized countries in numbers....
Juvenile offenders and related laws and legal procedures can be traced back to around 2270 BC during the time of the Code of Hammurabi which had provisions on how to deal with offending children. About two millenniums ago in the Roman Empire civil and church law distinguished between juvenile offenders...
Introduction Sexual offenders are people who have committed sex crimes. They are also called sex offenders, sexual abusers, or sex abusers. However, these sex crimes are relative to culture and legal jurisdiction. Most law systems bring together their laws under sections like assault, murder, or even sexual offenses amongst other...
Leadership Leadership is defined as both the process that motivates the achievement of a goal and the abilities that are inherent in a particular person, which enables him to guide that process (Sims, 2002). Essentially, leadership is what inspires others to do what the leader is convinced should be done....
Introduction In his article Defying the odds on gun regulation: The passage of bipartisan mental health laws across the states, Goss addresses the issue of mental health in relation to gun control, stating that the current gun control regulations may suffer drastic changes due to the effects that the statements...
Introduction After the completion of the trial process, defendants in the United States have the right to appeal to state and federal courts of appeals. The appellate court system in the United States should be discussed as part of the nationâs dual court system that includes both federal courts and...
Introduction The use of DNA evidence in the investigation of crimes in America dates back to 1987. Before this period, many cases remained unsolved due to a lack of sufficient evidence. Jobling and Gill (739) report that the late 1980s were characterized by problems related to admissibility. Thus, there was...
Introduction Division of powers between the institutions is the important feature of the criminal justice system in democratic societies. This separation of powers is an essential factor to protect the rights of suspects during the criminal process, regardless the focus on the civil law or on the common law principles....
Introduction Drug abuse not only affects the developing countries, but also the developed countries and therefore, countries across the world have developed and formulated laws and legislations to combat the menace of drug abuse. Although most governments remain liberal in the use of the non-psychotropic drugs, almost all governments of...
In the given paper, some of the possible variants of eliminating the cases of discrimination are going to be considered. It is obvious that the main goal of the criminal sanctions is to decrease the likelihood of the accident occurring. However, certain disparities against African Americans and other nationalities have...
Justice is quite an elusive term. For example, justice could imply different things to different individuals within the same society. Justice is not just an ambiguous term during times of war or to the politicians, but even within the criminal justice system, the idea of how to achieve justice is...
The research question answered in this paper seeks to identify the role played by police in crime prevention. There are several parties involved in crime prevention. However, each one of them has unique roles that dictate overall success crime prevention. This research question is important since crime prevention is not...
Introduction The criminal justice system is the branch of judiciary that is mandated to deal with all criminal matters that are brought to court for determination. Usually, when a criminal matter is brought before a court of law, there is always a procedure that is followed in determining the matters...
Introduction Every kind of crime consists of a certain element whose existence should be proved by the government in order for a conviction to be given by a court of law. Similarly, every crime has a law against it without which the act cannot be termed as a crime due...
Introduction Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 is a federal statute which was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress. The act is aimed at protecting âchildren from sexual exploitation and violent crimeâ, preventing âchild abuse and child...
Introduction One of the primary objectives of any government is to provide security and protection to its citizens from all forms of security threats. One of how this can be ensured is through the enactment of policies regulating the use of guns. However, a tug of war between the U.S...
Introduction The ethical conduct of public officials, such as the police plays a significant role in determining the performance of such public agencies. Police deviant behavior refers to activities that a police officer may undertake during the line of duty that is not consistent with the societal values and ethical...
Introduction Juveniles are the young people, children, and youths, who have not attained the age of being regarded as adults. Adults, on the other hand, are people who are considered grown-ups and independent hence fully accountable for their deeds. The difference between the juveniles and the adults has led to...
Introduction Capital punishment refers to the legally recognized imposition of death as a penalty and right from olden times it has been used for a broad selection of felonies. Offenses that can attract a death sentence are referred to as capital offenses or crimes. The reference capital has its roots...
Introduction Criminal justice is a broad term that encompasses different aspects of justice in crime. It is societyâs instrument in maintaining social control. Siegel (2010) states that âsome behaviors are so dangerous that they must be controlled or strictly prohibited in the societyâ (p. 8). To moderate societal behavior, the...
Introduction Juvenile justice refers to the form of legal justice administered to legal offenders who are minors. These minors may be involved in different forms of criminal activities, which require legal intervention. Jurisdictions across the states of the United States are adapting the case management model to deal with most...
Introduction Wrongful conviction can be one of the most agonizing experiences that a human being can endure. It not only tortures the wrongful convictee psychologically, but also allows the person who committed the actual crime to unfairly enjoy the fruit of freedom and probably commit even more serious crimes. The...
Introduction Bloom & Brodin (2006) defines probable cause as the quantity of facts and circumstances that the police officer has established which allows him to reasonably conclude that the individual in question was involved in the crime hence warranting the individualâs arrest or that specific evidence related to a crime...
Introduction Youth conferences are meetings that are convened to consider how young people should be dealt with when they commit offenses. It is expected that at the end of such conferences, there will be an action plan for dealing with the offenses and the offenders according to the principles that...
Legal Elements of Criminal versus Negligent Liability for the Organization The concept of corporate criminal liability in the United States originally included mens rea offences as confirmed by the U S Supreme Court in New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company v U.S. The scope of corporate criminal liability...
Introduction Parents can play a crucial role in the juvenile justice system as various studies suggest that the influence of parents and children’s education contributes to the development of the behavior that leads to the juvenile offense. An investigation of the issue in the relationships between juvenile and a parent...
Even though the juvenile justice system in the US has been in place for more than 100 years, questions about its necessity can still be heard among experts and enthusiasts. In the 1990s, increased access to guns and drugs, together with gang activity, led to a significant rise in serious...
Like with any other institution as fundamental as law enforcement agencies, the history of their formation and development is rich and stretches far in the past. Law enforcement in the US alongside two other crucial components of criminal justice builds its basis. These three elements function independently to a certain...
The question about gun control as necessity or obligatoriness always troubled society. Moreover, the gun control dispute always arise the main question: who is more reliable, the government or the ordinary people? There are still a lot of people who are against gun control. I am not an exception. The...
Background The federal government of Canada is responsible for the child abuse. Canada became a U.N. Convention signatory in 1991 and agreed to uphold the rights of children. Canada is therefore accountable with regard to children rights. The rights include protection, safety and a nurturing environment for the development of...
Introduction Juvenile offenders have been prone to recidivism and the rates of juvenile recidivism have been very high in the United States. There are several reasons which have been put forward by experts to explain the reasons for juvenile offending, including poverty and lack of effective educational programs (De la...
Abstract In today’s US justice system there is an increasing recognition that jury trials are now a rarity in America and instead there is the popular and becoming a common practice in the legal scenes described as plea bargaining in American courts. This popularity in its use triggers some worth...
