Prosecutorial discretion is a factor that can impact decisions in criminal cases and is critical to understand. The extent of discretionary decision-making in criminal law is an issue subjected to numerous discussions as it creates an opportunity for biased ruling and is often criticized for being one of the causes...
Introduction Report writing is one of the most important elements in the court because it helps the advocate brief the judge on a case. Reports are used for specific cases, such as a criminal case against a minor or adoption (United States Courts, 2020). When the reports are presented consistently...
Prison sentences for minors are the subject of a wide discourse, especially regarding life sentences in custody. After watching various videos and reading several scientific papers, the opinion develops that the revision of criminal cases against children and adolescents has many positive sides. It is difficult to disagree with this...
Criminal justice is characterized by several essential features, the most important of which are integrity, authority, and discretionary powers. To understand each of the signs as accurately as possible, it is crucial to know their definitions. Integrity is the inviolability of certain moral qualities, their true state, which is not...
Although teenage crime rates have decreased since the mid-1990s, public dread and political discourse surrounding the subject have grown. Over the last three decades, female involvement in the juvenile justice system has gradually increased in the United States. Even being mostly involved in minor criminal offenses, girls are more likely...
Introduction Retribution is a justifiable punishment for a wrong committed against others. One of its core principles is that it is suitable for the legal authorities to provide appropriate suffering for the people who commit crimes. In addition, the other stance is that it is intrinsically morally well for a...
The idea of a trial by jury is often criticized due to the lack of accuracy that is often attributed to it. Specifically, multiple sources claim that jurors may be open to biases, yet they disregard the fact that so can be judges. Thus, with only one person making a...
Summary One of the controversial concepts concerning juveniles enshrines the determination of the justice system among the counterparts. Different institutions play dynamic roles towards promoting distributive social justice system. The vital factor of consideration in restoring order is the distinctive approach to render the desired disciplining among the youths in...
Summary This study aims to analyze the concept of cryptocurrency and gaining a legal understanding in different jurisdictions especially in the US. The study will also seek to establish whether cryptocurrencies can be used to facilitate money laundering, and if they facilitate money laundering; finally, the study will seek to...
Introduction Racial and ethnic disparities remain a serious problem for the US population. Such differences provoke unfair minority pressure and affect interpersonal relationships and social order. When racism touches upon law enforcement and other criminal justice system elements, the number of concerns grows. Individuals expect the police and courts to...
Introduction It is important to note that any form of national security measure comes at a cost or risk of the impending danger of violating and restricting the civil liberties of the people being protected. The case is also true when it comes to law enforcement intelligence, which is critical...
Summary Ladies and gentlemen, today we are going to discuss money laundering through cryptocurrencies, paying more attention to risks posed by cryptocurrencies. Little information is available on this topic especially on the use of cryptocurrencies in aiding money laundering. Let us define some terms that are of key importance in...
Miranda rights, or Miranda warnings, are specific rights read by police officers to the people held in custody. It is important to mention that Miranda rights have to be read only by state actors and only to the person that is arrested. In addition, police officers must read Miranda rights...
Introduction Aaron Hernandez v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, decided in 2013, is one of the cases that entailed the prosecution’s capacity to show enough evidence in a court trial adequately. A case must have ultimately persuaded the judges that the accused is responsible for the crime committed without any doubt. When...
Introduction It is foolish to deny that the American prison is one of the most dangerous, inefficient, and worst places on the Northwest continent from both a physical and institutional perspective. Inmates of all genders face equally huge and numerous interactional barriers and obstacles at all levels in these places,...
Introduction It is important to note that juvenile delinquency is a major part of criminology, where the law is violated by underage individuals. Since the agents are not considered adults, the issue becomes a complex and intricate one, where the standard justice systems might not apply or apply in a...
Introduction The juvenile justice system in the United States (US) originates from the late 1800s. As a result, in 1899 the country developed its first juvenile justice court. All throughout its existence, the juvenile corrections have primarily oscillated between rehabilitation to the use of punitive forms of punishment. At the...
Introduction Leslie Paik of City College of New York, United States, wrote the article “Good parents, bad parents: Rethinking family involvement in juvenile justice.” The paper presents a new theoretical framework for exploring how families may be involved in various cases of youth delinquency in juvenile court. Overall, the author...
Introduction Modern criminal justice in the world is based on constitutional guarantees of individual rights. In all countries, the supremacy of constitutional provisions is proclaimed in cases of discrepancy between criminal procedure norms or other related legislation regulating the restriction of an individual’s rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests during the...
Summary Juvenile crimes have been a challenge in the United States, with young person’s engaging in different crimes. In Washington, there have been reports of truancy from schools, drug and substance abuse, bullying in schools, robbery, and theft, among other crimes (Wang et al., 2020). The crimes are attributed to...
Introduction In the justice system, there have been a lot of disparities in how justice is served to men and women offenders. Although justice is supposed to be served equally, women tend to receive less conviction than men. This also explains why there are numbers in prisons in some countries...
The criminal justice system does have a responsibility to help formerly incarcerated people. I believe that the answer to that question is based on one’s opinion regarding the function of that system. Some may believe that it serves to punish criminals for their actions, yet this is far from my...
Introduction For more than three decades, the privatization of prisons and detention centers has been a contentious issue in U.S. politics. At the end of President Obama’s second term, the administration under Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates highlighted a plan to phase out the private prisons (Craig & Pond Cummings,...
Introduction While the course of studying the educational materials, we touched on the big topic of the close connection between culture, psychology, and the overall legal system (Costanzo & Krauss, 2012). The modern arrangement of laws is developed according to determined schemes and algorithms, while the world is shifting very...
Introduction Eyewitnesses are untrustworthy due to amnesia and age variables; additionally, elderly witnesses seem to be more unreliable than younger generations. As they provide incorrect responses and are more convincing, these seniors are typically insistent and confident. Poor vision might sometimes render eyewitness reports untrustworthy. In court hearings, adequate visual...
An adversarial judicial system aims to present conflicting views to an impartial arbitrator who decides which side is right. The adversarial judicial system protects the rights of citizens: personal autonomy, the assistance of a lawyer, equal protection from the law, and the right to prove guilt (Guarnieri & Pederzoli, 2020)....
Introduction The articles under consideration speak about the modifications of the work of federal and state courts. The publication of Marc Galanter claims the decline in trials, the shift in their makeup, and the increasing complexity of procedures. In turn, the piece of Mae C. Quinn is devoted to the...
Background It is important to note that the specific topic to be analyzed is Alton Logan’s wrongful conviction case. The relevant historical information about the separate issue is that Alton Logan was unjustly convicted of a homicide he did not execute and spent 26 years in prison. The actual killer...
Introduction Incarcerated individuals or persons with pending criminal charges have unique needs. Nelson Mandela is credited with stating that the manner in which society treats its prisoners is a sharp reflection of its character (Penal Reform International, 2019). Incarcerated individuals require health services, behavior change interventions, education, and vocational training....
Introduction Many people require supervision in the United States, which makes it essential to understand the contributing factors to their success. The number of people under probation and parole is higher than that of people incarcerated in federal, state, or local institutions. Both probation and parole are considered community correction...
Zalnieriute, M., Moses, L. B., & Williams, G. (2019). The rule of law and automation of government decision‐making. The Modern Law Review, 82(3), 425-455. The article reveals the concept of the rule of law throughout the country. The requirements of the law apply to all subjects of legal relations equally....
Justice Is the Rule of Law The rule of law itself is an integral part of any democratic society. The concept of the rule of law requires that all officials treat every person with dignity, equality, rationality, and law. Moreover, it maintains that everyone should have the opportunity to appeal...
Summary Morale is a term used to describe the psychological state of a person or group with regard to their productivity and motivation. Morale can be defined as the emotional climate within a team or organization. Some experts argue that there is a correlation between high crime levels and low...
Introduction In order to protect society from crimes and the negative impact of individuals, the state elects and adopts appropriate laws. However, this area is not completely universal, since in some cases it is difficult to bring to justice. According to the norms, parents should be held responsible for the...
Case: Fernandez v. California, (2014). Facts: The parties to the lawsuit are the petitioner Walter Fernandez and the respondent the State of California. The dispute revolved around the Walter Fernandez’s petition to review the decision of the Trial Court that found him guilty. Fernandez was arrested in the first place because...
Introduction The Headingley Correctional Centre experienced one of the worst inmate unrest in history. On April 25, 1996, a riot occurred after a scuffle between the correctional officers (COs) and some prisoners in the facility’s basement (Williamson, 2017). Despite law enforcement’s efforts to contain the unrest, it lasted for nearly...
A criminal justice plan is an approach to law implementation that involves arresting, arraigning, defending, and sentencing the lawbreakers. Japan has five distinctive courts, summary, district, family, high court, and supreme tribunals. The legal system formulation embarks on law enforcement, promoting integrity to the complainants and guaranteeing public safety. A...
Introduction The topic of gun control has been ingrained in American society and its political debates. In the recent years following the new administration of President Joe Biden, the arguments over gun control have waxed and waned. In the United States of America, gun ownership is controlled by a number...
Abstract Drug trafficking is the global illegal or illicit trade in which individuals cultivate, manufacture, transport, distribute and sell non-medicinal substances subjected to drug prohibited laws. On the other hand, money laundering is the illicit process of converting huge amounts of money earned from illegal or criminal activities such as...
Crimes are unlawful actions that affect everyone in society. These activities are conducted at different levels, and while they are disadvantageous and harmful to individuals and businesses, some people end up benefiting from this practice. Part of the crime beneficiaries are the crime control industry stakeholders. These individuals or business...
Prison as a social institution is an ambiguous phenomenon for society. On the one hand, this is a place for punishment of criminals, which is associated with danger and negativity. On the other hand, it is an element of influencing society in such a way that the guilty citizens get...
Introduction Gangs have become the way of life in Chicago, causing fear in the city. Chicago has been recognized as one of the most segregated cities in the United States. Due to solid gang culture, murder rates and street violence continue to increase every day in Chicago. Gangs even recruit...
Introduction A significant part of the work of an employee of the authorities is documentation. Thus, it is very important for them to have the necessary writing skills to be able to provide multiple but informative reports on any events. The information should contain the main provisions of the incident...
The empirical study by Plumm et al. (2010) had an objective to identify the extent to which extra-legal characteristics contributed to the jury’s victim-blaming. To meet the objective, the authors conducted two jury simulation studies. In Study One, the jury members were grouped according to their level of homophobia, whereas...
Introduction The subject of gun control is a thoughtful topic of discussion for a long period. Guns give the impression that it has a strange authority over people: passion takes over the mind most of the time. The theme of gun control including the push for severer laws within the...
Introduction I agree with the author that the state’s response has resulted in an overcriminalization of domestic violence cases. In the criminal justice system, an increasing number of jurisdictions have implemented several discretion-less regulations, such as mandatory arrests in domestic abuse situations. It also contains no-drop prosecutions, which force a...
The criminal justice system in the United States tends to express discrimination and disparities toward minority populations. While racial discrimination in the criminal justice system of the United States is frequently discussed in modern society, many people are not familiar with racial disparities in the system. Comparing discrimination against minority...
Introduction Punishment for a committed crime is always a complicated question, which is why there is a wide variety of viewpoints regarding the punishment itself. There are two main mutually exclusive perspectives regarding a committed crime. The utilitarian theory of punishment seems more reasonable because it can prevent wrongdoing instead...
Introduction Victimization is the process of acquiring victimhood, or, in other words, the procedure of turning a person into a victim and its consequences. One of the vivid examples of this kind of “transformation” and victimization, in general, is human trafficking to exploit prostitution and provide private services outside the...
Domestic violence is a complicated issue that has to be resolved on the social, cultural, and legal levels. I agree with Prof. Epstein’s opinion that government intervention might not always be the appropriate strategy to fix the problem. As Epstein (1999, p. 132) puts it, “overcriminalization” places domestic violence on...
Elements of the Offence Aggravated assault is an unlawful act, which implies an individual’s or a group’s intent to inflict harm or cause aggravated injury to another person or several people. The 2022 edition of Martin’s Annual Criminal Code defines aggravated assault as a criminal offense, indicating its elements, defense,...
The United Kingdom follows both common law and civil laws in applying its jurisdiction. The common law system is based on judicial precedent, where key decisions made by the courts are used as precedent in future cases. Common laws can also be created through the legislation process, where bills are...
Facts Gender violence has been a central aspect of the U.S. criminal justice department. In a recent issue, Brenner (2022) records a strong move to strengthen the violence against women act. One key fact of this case is that it is a constitutional right to protect women from gender-based violence....
Introduction An essential task for the criminal justice system is to grant the rights of the appellant and the victim equally. This is achieved by providing the victim with a limited role that contributes to the realization of fair treatment for both the offender and the victim. In capital trials,...
Arrest Essentials of Arrest in English and Welsh Law The sources of criminal procedural law in England and Wales are, first of all, legislative acts, which for the most part, simultaneously regulate the issues of the judiciary. The criminal process is what happens in court. But today, there is a...
Introduction The government created the criminal justice system to punish undesirable conduct in individuals and compensate or reimburse the affected victims by ensuring the perpetrators are exiled from society. It utilizes law enforcement, the courts, and correctional facilities to achieve this goal (Myers). In recent years, there has been increased...
The criminal justice system has a wide variety of functions in distinct fields of implementation. The justice system evaluates crime, measures its rates, develops laws, assesses deviant behavior, and provides law enforcement, courts, and corrections (Burke et al., 2019). As modern technology develops and society undergoes significant changes, the criminal...
Introduction Researchers have spent a lot of time looking at the origins and effects of racial differences in criminal justice procedures, as well as the extent to which these discrepancies are due to discrimination or different rates of crime. Studies of victimization and offending patterns, as well as societal factors...
Introduction There are multiple theories applicable to the study of delinquency in general and juvenile delinquency in particular. Although they all aim to answer roughly the same question of how delinquent behaviors emerge for the first time and which factors contribute to their continuation, the approaches and focuses differ. One...
Community-oriented policing is the partnership of law enforcement and the communities in identifying and resolving societal issues. It was initially intended to minimize crime and fear of crime by employing the same officer in the same locality for an extended time (Carter & Fox, 2019). It was thought that for...
One of the crime prevention tactics is deterrence – the idea that the threat of punishment can stop one from breaking the law. According to Bates and Swan (2021), the concept of deterrence arises from utilitarianism. People try to maximize their happiness, and the role of the government is to...
Restorative justice is an approach to re-establishing the balance between the primary stakeholders of a committed crime in the form of dialogue. This approach aims at healing rather than punishment, including the discussion of the offender’s accountability and respect for all participants. The current restorative justice programs for juvenile offenders...
Introduction The case Marbury v. Madison originated in 1801 and was decided in 1803 by four judges. It was one of the most important cases in American law history since it introduced the power of judicial review. Judicial review nowadays represents the power of the federal judiciary to review and...
Introduction Millions of people in the United States are incarcerated due to a wide range of laws and procedures. Although there has been no evidence against them, those who have faced charges could face longer prison or jail sentences if convicted. The “War on Crime” resulted in these laws and...
Introduction When a juvenile is arrested for delinquency, he or she must be informed of their legal rights as soon as possible. It is important to note that the Attorney General (US Attorney) will be informed (Kratcoski, 2020). The juvenile’s parents, guardian, or custodian must be advised of their arrest,...
Summary As the incarceration rate is too high, partly due to a minimum prison threshold and excessively long sentences, some states and Congress introduced several bills to reform the current order. None of the federal legislative initiatives had yet become law. Death sentences continue to be imposed in 31 states,...
Introduction Gideon v. Wainwright was a landmark case in the history of the United States Supreme Court. The case commenced in 1961 when Clarence Earl Gideon was accused of burglary from the pool hall in Panama City, Florida. Gideon claimed that he could not afford a lawyer during the first...
It is already known that corruption, as a social phenomenon, carries a real threat to the safety of any state. Nevertheless, traditional criminology for a long time ignored the problem of crimes related to the higher ranks of society. The first approach to understanding such crimes is connected to Edwin...
In the modern world, there is an acute problem of youth gangs and violence associated with their activities. The socio-psychological specificity of the criminal group of minors is that it is the factor that forms antisocial views and needs in adolescents, contributes to the awareness of the strength of the...
Introduction The prison population and facilities in the United States have been increasing over the past decades. The rise in the prison population is attributed to changes in the political system regarding the way sentences are executed. In 1960, there was a rise in crime, and this resulted to increased...
An Introduction Put simply, juvenile justice is concerned with children and youngsters who are younger than a particular age (most commonly, 18). From the perspective of our society, underage offenders are more vulnerable than adult ones and have specific needs. As a result, they require additional protections, which is why...
In 1949 Virgil D. Hawkins, a thirty-nine-year-old black male, applied for admission to the University of Florida College of Law. His application, as well as five other Black applicants, was rejected due to his racial origin, and Hawkins applied to the Supreme Court of Florida to appeal the decision (Paulson...
A traffic stop, search, and seizure refers to the legal act of stopping an automobile, searching it, and seizing contraband or any material that is considered as evidence. This process does not require a warrant under certain conditions, even though the constitution protects citizens from unlawful stops and searches. According...
Introduction The criminal justice organizations, which include the prosecution, police, courts, and correctional facilities, are complex public entities. In order to arrive at a prosecutorial decision, these establishments use risk-assessment techniques, classifications, case-management procedures in courts, and basic-data analysis methods (Stojkovic et al., 2015). The juvenile justice system is comprised...
Abstract Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, sheltering, and receptor of human beings for the purpose of exploitation through involuntary servitude. More than 1,000,000 people, including men, women, and children are trafficked every year. There are three main types of human trafficking, namely sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and...
Abstract Parole and probation are types of sentencing that are used in the United States. Parole involves the release of an offender before serving their full sentence in jail. On the other hand, probation is an alternative to a jail sentence that involves the supervision of an offender for a...
The drug abuse and addiction suspect refusing to answer any papers by the state, resulting in imprisonment for two years with the possibility of rehabilitation, raises two primary concerns. First, the refusal to answer any inquiries by the state touches on the applicability and relevance of the constitutionally guaranteed right...
Introduction One of the main elements of criminal justice is law enforcement. Law enforcement is carried out through policing. In the United States, police officers hold the primary responsibility of providing security by carrying out patrols. The main roles of police officers in the United States include carrying out investigations,...
Introduction The rate of juvenile delinquency is on the rise in the contemporary society. In 2008, over 6,318 youths aged between 10 and 17 were arrested for different offenses (Apel & Kaukinen, 2008). In 2009, the juvenile courts in the United States arbitrated at least 1.5 million felonies that involved...
The UK criminal justice system is shared between England and Wales. In the system, a criminal case is tried based on a document called indictment where the defendant is indicted on criminal charges by the prosecutor. The prosecutor does this on behalf of the Crown and after the police are...
Introduction Modern criminal trials in the United States comprise established legal procedures that have been evolving for centuries. Any criminal procedure complies with the set of rules that dictate how proceedings are organized. It is through these rules that the government enforces substantive criminal law. The types of misconduct that...
Abstract A proposal was developed from a case scenario based on statistics from the US Justice Department in 2003, which reflected the racial disparities in arrests and incarceration of African Americans relative to their White counterparts and other races in the US. As figures used in the study demonstrate, racial...
The practice within the judicial system to incorporate the jury in criminal cases alongside the judge has a noble purpose in the administration of justice. The jury has a composition of vetted members of the public in the court of law to look into the facts in the criminal case...
The definition of organized crime is dependent on the investigator. This definition is supposed to match that of the agency, jurisdiction or state. A proper definition helps in the formulation of solutions for problems that occur during an investigation. This paper looks at the definition of organized crime according to...
Introduction Like in the police force, change is a recurring component that shapes most organizations. The changes that occur in most organizations are driven by change in technology, economy, political structures and legal and social issues. During the change process, an organization undergoes through various challenges such as lack of...
Five steps are involved in the grievance process. To begin with, a member is expected to present his or her grievance to his or her immediate supervisor within five days since the event that gave rise to the occurrence of the grievance first took place. The notification given is supposed...
The US is the most diverse country in the world; it’s population consists of different people in terms of race, culture and ethnicity. Despite this composition, the US remains with high levels of racial inequality. This is because of the economic standards and long history of hatred between American citizens...
Introduction Drug abuse has become not only a regional issue. Rather, the whole world is crying foul over the devastating effects of drug abuse. Drug trafficking barons have always found themselves on the negative side of the law due to their involvement in the drug trade (Bagley, 2005). Drug abuse...
Introduction As law enforcers, police exercise their authority to ensure that people do not go against legal laws and procedures. Police officers are authorized to use discretion whereby they make decisions on particular violations. Discretion is the ability of a police officer to make decisions or judgments regarding an offense....
Introduction Definition Sex offender refers to a person convicted of crime or crimes involving sex which can also be rape, sexual molestation, sexual contact, sexual harassment, and unlawful pornography production and distribution. In some cases depending on culture and legal jurisdiction, consented sexual contact or activity between adults of the...
Introduction The case is focused on John Doe, a person that has committed a felony and was caught because of shoplifting. The problem is that he has started to make incriminating statements during the time of the arrest. Several sources were consulted to get a better understanding of the case....
Introduction One of the most significant aspects of crime investigation is getting hold of evidence through search of individuals and residence, and the seizure of things. Simultaneously, the law does not permit access to private properties illegally or without warrant. In a democratically governed state, the constitution protects the citizens...
Abstract Crimes committed against children have become the order of the day in the recent past. A wide range of child abuse practices is committed in all countries across the globe. The whole experience of child abuse leaves painful memories in the minds of the victims and their families (Briere,...
Policing is a crucial function of any governmental system which determines how law and order is observed. It is estimated that there are more than 18,760 independent police organizations in the US with an estimated 1 million employees. The federal government contributes about 15% of the money used to run...
Introduction The current era is one where the average number of crimes being committed is relatively high compared to the past years. The increase in the number of crime cases has forced law makers to review laws and make tougher ones, as well as increase penalties imposed for various crimes....
Introduction The concept “boot camp” denotes a military training center that aims at disciplining and enforcing orders individuals who commit any form of crime (Christopher et al, 2013). Research has shown that boot camps have largely been used as a political tool by numerous governments to crack down crimes committed...
Criminal justice is one of the major areas of government expenditure in any given country in the contemporary world. This study concentrates on the system of criminal justice in the United States of America as it has the best system of study in the world. Crime trends have been in...
Identity theft is becoming a very rampant problem in the modern world. Advances in technology are behind the increase in the number of identity theft incidents. The aim of this paper is to explore the issues surrounding identity theft in order to recommend the ways of stopping the crime. Defining...
Introduction Criminal activities are increasingly becoming prevalent in various communities with the majority being affected. Because of its wide-ranging effects on communities, crime has become a major topic of political and academic discussion in recent years. It is a major public concern since it poses severe social and economic implications....
